Informal Fallacies
The basic question of this monograph is: how should we go about judging arguments to be reasonable or unreasonable? Our concern will be with argument in a broad sense, with realistic arguments in natural language. The basic object will be to engage in a normative study of determining what factors, standards, or procedures should be adopted or appealed to in evaluating an argument as “good,” “not-so-good,” “open to criticism,” “fallacious,” and so forth. Hence our primary concern will be with the problems of how to criticize an argument, and when a criticism is reasonably justified.
[Pragmatics & Beyond Companion Series, 4] 1987. x, 338 pp.
Publishing status:
© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Table of Contents
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Chapter 1: A New Model of Argument | p. 1
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1. Introduction to the Fallacies
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2. Some More Fallacies
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3. Fallacies Combined in Realistic Dialogues
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4. What is an Argument?
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5. Criticism as Challenge and Response
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6. Basic Categories of Argument Study
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Notes: Chapter 1 | p. 31
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Chapter 2: Hot Rhetoric and Argument | p. 33
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1. Appeals to Popular Sentiment
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2. Appeals to Force
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3. Appeals to Pity
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4. Overly Personal Argumentation
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5. The Rhetorical Debate
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6. Case Study: Parliamentary Debate
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7. Conclusion
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Notes: Chapter 2 | p. 61
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Chapter 3: The Logic of Propositions | p. 63
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1. Deductive Validity
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2. Formal Logic
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3. Classical Propositional Calculus
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4. Applying Deductive Logic to Arguments
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5. Invalidity and Fallaciousness
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6. Relevance and Validity
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7. Subject-Matter Relatedness
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8. Relatedness Logic
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9. Semantics and Pragmatics
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10. What is a Fallacy?
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Notes: Chapter 3 | p. 96
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Chapter 4: Logical Dialogue-Games | p. 97
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1. Different Approaches to Formal Dialogues
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2. The Ad Ignorantiam Fallacy
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3. Fallacies of Question-Asking
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4. The Fallacy of Many Questions
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5. Demanding Direct Answers to Questions
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6. Misconception of Refutation
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7. Case Studies of Political Debates
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8. A Game with Dark-Side Commitments
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Notes: Chapter 4 | p. 130
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Chapter 5: Enthymemes | p. 133
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1. The Tradition of Enthymemes
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2. The Objectives of Dialogue
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3. Veiled Commitment-Sets
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4. Strategy and Plausibility
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5. The Problem Resolved
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6. Order of the Premisses
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7. Multiple Premisses in Complex Arguments
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Notes: Chapter 5 | p. 156
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Chapter 6: Longer Sequences of Argumentation | p. 157
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1. Sequences of Argumentation
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2. Graphs of Arguments
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3. Case Study: Argument on Sex Education
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4. Case Study: Circular Argumentation
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5. Plausibility Conditions on Arguments
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6. The Missing Links
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7. Conclusions on Circular Arguments
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Notes: Chapter 6 | p. 183
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Chapter 7: Fallacious Arguments From Authority | p. 185
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1. How Appeals to Authority Can Go Wrong
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2. Plausible Argument
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3. Where Experts Disagree
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4. Expertise and Legal Dialogue
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5. Dialogue and Expertise
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6. Conclusions
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Notes: Chapter 7 | p. 201
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Chapter 8: Various Fallacies | p. 203
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1. Inductive Fallacies
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2. Deductive and Inductive Arguments
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3. Post Hoc Arguments
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4. Slippery Slope
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5. Equivocation
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6. Amphiboly
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7. Composition and Division
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Chapter 9: Arguments Against the Person | p. 217
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1. Poisoning the Well
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2. The Sportsman's Rejoinder
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3. Evaluating Ad Hominem Disputations
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4. Four Types of Circumstantial Ad Hominem
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5. Rhetorical Context of Ad Hominem Attacks
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6. Positional Defensibility
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7. Conclusion
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Notes: Chapter 9 | p. 240
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Chapter 10: Equivocation | p. 241
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1. What is Equivocation?
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2. Vagueness and Criticisms of Equivocality
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3. The Problem of Subtle Equivocations
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4. Deep Deception and Equivocal Dialogue
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5. Many-Valued Logic for Equivocators
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6. Priests's System LP
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7. Applying LP to the Fallacy of Equivocation
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8. R-Mingle as a Logic for Equivocators
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9. RM and Equivocation
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10. Conclusions
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Notes: Chapter 10 | p. 287
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Chapter 11: Informal Logic as a Discipline | p. 289
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1. The Role of Formal Logic
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2. Dialectic as a Theory of Argument
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3. Function of Why-Questions
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4. Subject-Specific Nature of Arguments
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5. Case Studies on Circular Reasoning
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6. Conversational Pragmatics
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7. Pedagogical Directions for Informal Logic
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Notes: Chapter 11 | p. 322
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Index | p. 331
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Subjects
Philosophy
Main BIC Subject
HP: Philosophy
Main BISAC Subject
PHI000000: PHILOSOPHY / General