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Part of

Informal Fallacies
Douglas N. Walton
[Pragmatics & Beyond Companion Series 4] 1987
► pp. v–vi

Table of contents

Chapter 1: A New Model of Argument1

1. Introduction to the Fallacies3

2. Some More Fallacies9

3. Fallacies Combined in Realistic Dialogues11

4. What is an Argument?16

5. Criticism as Challenge and Response22

6. Basic Categories of Argument Study26

Notes: Chapter 131

Chapter 2: Hot Rhetoric and Argument33

1. Appeals to Popular Sentiment33

2. Appeals to Force39

3. Appeals to Pity42

4. Overly Personal Argumentation45

5. The Rhetorical Debate48

6. Case Study: Parliamentary Debate51

7. Conclusion60

Notes: Chapter 261

Chapter 3: The Logic of Propositions63

1. Deductive Validity63

2. Formal Logic65

3. Classical Propositional Calculus68

4. Applying Deductive Logic to Arguments73

5. Invalidity and Fallaciousness77

6. Relevance and Validity79

7. Subject-Matter Relatedness82

8. Relatedness Logic84

9. Semantics and Pragmatics88

10. What is a Fallacy?93

Notes: Chapter 396

Chapter 4: Logical Dialogue-Games97

1. Different Approaches to Formal Dialogues98

2. The Ad Ignorantiam Fallacy105

3. Fallacies of Question-Asking108

4. The Fallacy of Many Questions110

5. Demanding Direct Answers to Questions113

6. Misconception of Refutation115

7. Case Studies of Political Debates118

8. A Game with Dark-Side Commitments125

Notes: Chapter 4130

Chapter 5: Enthymemes133

1. The Tradition of Enthymemes133

2. The Objectives of Dialogue136

3. Veiled Commitment-Sets142

4. Strategy and Plausibility145

5. The Problem Resolved146

6. Order of the Premisses150

7. Multiple Premisses in Complex Arguments154

Notes: Chapter 5156

Chapter 6: Longer Sequences of Argumentation157

1. Sequences of Argumentation158

2. Graphs of Arguments160

3. Case Study: Argument on Sex Education162

4. Case Study: Circular Argumentation167

5. Plausibility Conditions on Arguments170

6. The Missing Links176

7. Conclusions on Circular Arguments180

Notes: Chapter 6183

Chapter 7: Fallacious Arguments From Authority185

1. How Appeals to Authority Can Go Wrong185

2. Plausible Argument188

3. Where Experts Disagree190

4. Expertise and Legal Dialogue192

5. Dialogue and Expertise194

6. Conclusions199

Notes: Chapter 7201

Chapter 8: Various Fallacies203

1. Inductive Fallacies203

2. Deductive and Inductive Arguments205

3. Post Hoc Arguments206

4. Slippery Slope209

5. Equivocation212

6. Amphiboly213

7. Composition and Division214

Chapter 9: Arguments Against the Person217

1. Poisoning the Well217

2. The Sportsman's Rejoinder222

3. Evaluating Ad Hominem Disputations227

4. Four Types of Circumstantial Ad Hominem230

5. Rhetorical Context of Ad Hominem Attacks233

6. Positional Defensibility236

7. Conclusion238

Notes: Chapter 9240

Chapter 10: Equivocation241

1. What is Equivocation?242

2. Vagueness and Criticisms of Equivocality245

3. The Problem of Subtle Equivocations249

4. Deep Deception and Equivocal Dialogue254

5. Many-Valued Logic for Equivocators259

6. Priests's System LP261

7. Applying LP to the Fallacy of Equivocation266

8. R-Mingle as a Logic for Equivocators273

9. RM and Equivocation276

10. Conclusions283

Notes: Chapter 10287

Chapter 11: Informal Logic as a Discipline289

1. The Role of Formal Logic291

2. Dialectic as a Theory of Argument294

3. Function of Why-Questions297

4. Subject-Specific Nature of Arguments302

5. Case Studies on Circular Reasoning305

6. Conversational Pragmatics314

7. Pedagogical Directions for Informal Logic320

Notes: Chapter 11322

Bibliography323

Index331

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