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Part of
Threatening in English: A mixed method approach
Julia Muschalik
[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 284] 2018
► pp. xiii–xiv

List of figures

Figure 3.1Screenshot of an opinion with quoted threat 43
Figure 4.1Distribution of conditionality 63
Figure 4.2Distribution of futurity 72
Figure 4.3Classification scheme type of verb 83
Figure 4.4Distribution of violent, ambiguous and non-violent verbs 85
Figure 4.5Distribution of type of verb 89
Figure 4.6Overview frequency of type of verb 89
Figure 4.7Proportion of agent-patient relation 91
Figure 4.8Proportion of agent-patient relation and type of verb 94
Figure 4.9Proportion of agent-patient relation and futurity 95
Figure 4.10Distribution of orientation of threat 98
Figure 4.11Proportion of orientation of threat and type of verb 99
Figure 4.12Proportion of 1PP and 2PP 102
Figure 4.13Distribution of taboo language and type frequency of functions 107
Figure 4.14Distribution of mention of weapons 111
Figure 4.15Distribution of mention of weapons and conditionality, futurity, and type of verb 112
Figure 4.16Distribution of features across personal and non-personal threats 116
Figure 4.17Excerpt dissimilarity matrix 121
Figure 4.18Dendrogram of formal features 123
Figure 5.1Schematic illustration of pre- and post-event threats 134
Figure 5.2Distribution of manipulative and retaliative threats 138
Figure 5.3Distribution of manipulative and retaliative function across personal and non-personal threats 139
Figure 5.4Distribution of conditionality across manipulative and retaliative threats 141
Figure 5.5Distribution of futurity across manipulative and retaliative threats 142
Figure 5.6Distribution of type of verb across manipulative and retaliative threats 145
Figure 5.7Distribution of orientation of threat and agent-patient relation across manipulative and retaliative threats 147
Figure 5.8Distribution of 1PP and 2PP across manipulative and retaliative threats 150
Figure 5.9Distribution of taboo language across manipulative and retaliative threats 151
Figure 5.10Distribution of types of taboo language across manipulative and retaliative threats 152
Figure 5.11Distribution of mention of weapons across manipulative and retaliative threats 154
Figure 5.12Single conditional inference tree model for the function of threats 164
Figure 5.13Conditional permutation variable importance for random forest with all predictors 169
Figure 6.1Bribery payoff matrix 187
Figure 6.2Threatening payoff matrix 191