Brian Clancy | Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, Ireland
Pragmatics and corpus linguistics were long considered mutually exclusive. In recent years, however, common ground has been discovered thus paving the way for the new field of corpus pragmatics. This chapter shows that corpus pragmatics integrates the qualitative methodology typical of pragmatics with the quantitative methodology predominant in corpus linguistics. To illustrate, we examine the choice between indicative was and subjunctive were in as-if clauses in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The findings suggest that the choice is co-determined by the factuality of the comparison expressed in the as-if clause and the syntactic functions of the as-if clause in the matrix clause. We finally discuss the was/were alternation as a form of negative empathetic deixis.
2003 “Sociopragmatic Annotation: New Directions and Possibilities in Historical Corpus Linguistics.” In Corpus Linguistics by the Lune: A Festschrift for Geoffrey Leech, ed. by Andrew Wilson, Paul Rayson, and Anthony McEnery, 37–58. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang.
Baayen, Harald
2008Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Baker, Paul
2006Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.
2016Investigating Intimate Discourse: Exploring the Spoken Interaction of Families, Couples and Friends. London: Routledge.
Clancy, Brian, and Michael McCarthy
2015 “Co-constructed Turn-taking.” In Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook, ed. by Karin Aijmer, and Christoph Rühlemann, 430–453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clancy, Brian, and Anne O’Keeffe
2015 “Pragmatics.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics, ed. by Douglas Biber, and Randi Reppen, 235–251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davies, Bethan
2007 “Grice’s Cooperative Principle: Meaning and Rationality.” Journal of Pragmatics 39 (12): 2308–2331.
Davies, Mark
2008The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 520 Million Words, 1990-Present. Available online at [URL] (date accessed 01/07/2016).
Francis, W. Nelson, and Henry Kučera
1964A Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English, for Use with Digital Computers. Providence, RI: Department of Linguistics, Brown University.
Fung, Loretta, and Ronald Carter
2007 “Discourse Markers and Spoken English: Native and Learner use in Pedagogic Settings.” Applied Linguistics 28 (3): 410–439.
Garcia McAllister, Paula
2015 “Speech Acts: A Synchronic Perspective.” In Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook, ed. by Karin Aijmer, and Christoph Rühlemann, 29–51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gries, Stefan Th.
2009Statistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2015 “Speech Acts: A Diachronic Perspective.” In Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook, ed. by Karin Aijmer, and Christoph Rühlemann, 52–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, Robin
1974 “Remarks on ‘This’ and ‘That’.” In Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 10: 345–356
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith
2009Change in Contemporary English. A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, Steven
2004 “Deixis.” In The Handbook of Pragmatics, ed. by Laurence R. Horn, and Gregory Ward, 97–121. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lindblom, Kenneth
2001 “Co-operating with Grice: A Cross-disciplinary Metaperspective on Uses of Grice’s Cooperative Principle.” Journal of Pragmatics 33 (10): 1601–1623.
Lyons, John
1977Semantics. Volumes I and II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
McCarthy, Michael, and Anne O’Keeffe
2010 “Historical Perspective: What are Corpora and How have they Evolved?” In The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics, ed. by Anne O’Keeffe, and Michael McCarthy, 3–13. London: Routledge.
Mey, Jacob
2001Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mindt, Dieter
2000An Empirical Grammar of the English Verb System. Berlin: Cornelsen.
2015 “Interjections.” In Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook, ed. by Karin Aijmer, and Christoph Rühlemann, 249–273. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O’Keeffe, Anne, Brian Clancy, and Svenja Adolphs
2011Introducing Pragmatics in Use. London: Longman.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik
1985A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.
Romero-Trillo, Jesús
(ed.)2008Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics: A Mutualistic Entente. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Rühlemann, Christoph
2007Conversation in Context: A Corpus-driven Approach. London: Continuum.
Rühlemann, Christoph
2010 “What Can a Corpus Tell us about Pragmatics?” In The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics, ed. by Anne O’Keeffe, and Michael McCarthy, 288–301. London: Routledge.
Rühlemann, Christoph, and Karin Aijmer
2015 “Corpus Pragmatics: Laying the Foundations.” In Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook, ed. by Karin Aijmer and Christoph Rühlemann, 1–26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rühlemann, Christoph, and Stefan Th. Gries
2015 “Turn Order and Turn Distribution in Multi-party Storytelling.” Journal of Pragmatics 87: 171–191.
Rühlemann, Christoph, and Matthew Brook O’Donnell
2012 “Introducing a Corpus of Conversational Stories. Construction and Annotation of the Narrative Corpus.” Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 8 (2): 313–350.
Rühlemann, Christoph, and Matthew Brook O’Donnell
2015 “Deixis.” In Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook, ed. by Karin Aijmer, and Christoph Rühlemann, 331–359. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schauer, Gila, and Svenja Adolphs
2006 “Expressions of Gratitude in Corpus and DCT Data: Vocabulary, Formulaic Sequences and Pedagogy.” System 34 (1): 119–134.
Schneider, Klaus
2012 “Appropriate Behavior across Varieties of English.” Journal of Pragmatics 44 (9): 1022–1037.
Sinclair, John M.
1991Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sinclair, John M.
2001 “Preface.” In Small Corpus Studies and ELT: Theory and Practice, ed. by Moshen Ghadessy, Alex Henry, and Robert Roseberry, vii–vxv. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Stivers, Tanya
2007 “Alternative Recognitionals in Initial References to Persons.” In Person Reference in Interaction: Linguistic, Cultural, and Social Perspectives, ed. by Nick J. Enfield, and Tanya Stivers, 73–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stivers, Tanya
2015 “Coding Social Interaction: A Heretical Approach in Conversation Analysis.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 48 (1): 1–19.
Tao, Hongyin
2003 “Turn Initiators in Spoken English: A Corpus-based Approach to Interaction and Grammar.” In Corpus Analysis: Language Structure and Language Use, ed. by Pepi Leistyna, and Charles Meyer, 187–208. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Vaughan, Elaine, and Brian Clancy
2013 “Small Corpora and Pragmatics.” The Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 1: 53–73.
2022. 2022 4th International Conference on Control Systems, Mathematical Modeling, Automation and Energy Efficiency (SUMMA), ► pp. 428 ff.
Bülow, Lars & Marie-Luis Merten
2023. Multimodale Metaphern im Kontext von Internet-Memes. Korpuspragmatische und kognitionslinguistische Zugänge zu einem soziokognitiven Online-Phänomen. In Digitale Pragmatik [Digitale Linguistik, 1], ► pp. 127 ff.
Elewa, Abdelhamid & Hanem El-Farahaty
2022. Linguistic Gender Forms and Deontic Modality in Islamic Legal Translation: A Corpus-Based Study. Corpus Pragmatics 6:3 ► pp. 225 ff.
Fernández, Julieta
2023. Pragmatics in Learner Corpora. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
2022. Dialogic interaction with diversified audiences in Twitter for Research Dissemination Purposes. Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 90 ► pp. 61 ff.
Santos, Giovani
2020. Designing and building SCoPE²: A spoken corpus of Brazilian Portuguese and L2-English. Research in Corpus Linguistics 8 ► pp. 49 ff.
Tuchen, Astrid
2018. Methodologie der Pragmatik. In Handbuch Pragmatik, ► pp. 13 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 september 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.