Formulation questions and responses in Korean TV talk show interactions
This chapter examines the sequence-organizational role of the host’s formulation questions and the guest’s responses in entertainment-oriented Korean talk-shows. Constructed as a ‘follow-up’ re-presenting the upshot of the guest’s response on the host’s terms, the host’s formulation questions mediate sequence expansion through which an ‘information-oriented’ sequence is transited to an ‘affectively-loaded’ assessment sequence. This transition, contingent on the guest’s confirmation, is co-constructively accomplished; the host’s enticement of the guest’s confirmation is embodied in the turn-design features of formulation questions rendering an ‘obvious’ gist of the guest’s response, or indexing the host’s agentivity and empathic stance. The host’s move to implicate the guest in his/her ‘master-sequential’ transition may be resisted, with the guest, through disconfirmation, promoting a master narrative of his/her own.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background: Formulation questions
- 3.Organization of formulation sequences
- 3.1Formulation question as preliminary action
- 3.2Post-expansion into assessment sequence
- 4.Turn design of formulation questions
- 4.1Mundane character of formulation questions
- 4.2Indexing high agentivity
- 5.Guest’s disconfirmation: Competing agendas in organizing master narratives
- 6.Conclusion
-
Notes
-
References
-
Appendix
References (78)
References
Atkinson, J. Maxwell, and John Heritage (eds). 1984. Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bamberg, Michael. 2008. “Small Stories as a New Perspective in Narrative and Identity Analysis.” Text & Talk 28(3): 377–396.
Bilmes, Jack. 2009. “Taxonomies are for Talking: Reanalyzing a Sacks Classic.” Journal of Pragmatics 41: 1600–1610.
Cameron, Deborah. 1995. Verbal Hygiene. New York: Routledge.
Drew, Paul. 1987. “Po-Faced Receipts of Teases.” Linguistics 25: 219–253.
Drew, Paul. 1992. “Contested Evidence in Courtroom Cross-Examination: The Case of a Trial for Rape.” In Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. ed. by Paul Drew, and John Heritage, 470–520.
Drew, Paul. 2003. “Comparative Analysis of Talk-in-Interaction in Different Institutional Settings: A Sketch.” In Studies in Language and Social Interaction in Honor of Robert Hopper, ed. by Phillip J. Glenn, Curtis D. LeBaron, and Jenny Mandelbaum, 293–308. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erbaum.
Ellis, John. 2000. Seeing Things: Television in the Age of Uncertainty. London: I.B. Tauris.
Garfinkel, Harold, and Harvey Sacks. 1970. “On Formal Structures of Practical Actions.” In Theoretical Sociology: Perspectives and Developments, ed. by John C. McKinney and Edward A. Tiryakian, 337–366. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Glenn, Phillip. 2003. Laughter in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, Erving. 1979. “Footing.” Semiotica 25: 1–29.
Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Heritage, John. 1984. “A Change-of-State Token and Aspects of Its Sequential Placement.” In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, ed. by Michael Atkinson, and John Heritage, 299–345. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heritage, John. 1985. “Analyzing News Interviews: Aspects of the Production of Talk for an Overhearing Audience.” In Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Volume 3: Discourse and Dialogue, ed. by Teun A. van Dijk, 95–117. London: Academic Press.
Heritage, John. 2002. “Ad Hoc Inquiries: Two Preferences in the Design of “Routine” Questions in an Open Context.” In Standardization and Tacit Knowledge: Interaction and Practice in the Survey Interview, ed. by Douglas W. Maynard, Hanneke Houtkoop-Steenstra, Nora Cate Schaeffer, and Johannes van der Zouwen, 313–333. New York: Wiley Interscience.
Heritage, John, and Steven Clayman. 2010. Talk in Action: Interactions, Identities, and Institutions. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Heritage, John, and Geoffrey Raymond. 2005. “The Terms of Agreement: Indexing Epistemic Authority and Subordination in Assessment Sequences.” Social Psychology Quarterly 68(1): 15–38.
Heritage, John, and Geoffrey Raymond. 2012. “Navigating Epistemic Landscapes: Acquiescence, Agency and Resistance in Responses to Polar Questions.” In Questions: Formal, Functional and Interactional Perspectives, ed. by Jan P. de Ruiter, 179–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heritage, John, and D. Rod Watson. 1979. “Formulations as Conversational Objects.” In Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology, ed. by George Psathas, 123–162. New York: Irvington.
Heritage, John, and D. Rod Watson. 1980. “Aspects of the Properties of Formulations in Natural Conversations: Some Instances Analysed.” Semiotica 30(3/4): 245–262.
Hester, Stephen, and Peter Eglin (eds). 1997. Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorization Analysis. Lanham, MD: University Press of America and International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis.
Hutchby, Ian. 1996. “Power in Discourse: The Case of Arguments on a British Talk Radio Show.” Discourse & Society 7(4): 481–497.
Hutchby, Ian. 2005. “‘Active Listening’: Formulations and the Elicitation of Feelings-Talk in Child Counseling.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 38(3): 303–329.
Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundations of Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ilie, Cornelia. 1999. “Question-Response Argumentation in Talk Shows.” Journal of Pragmatics 31: 975–999.
Ilie, Cornelia. 2001. “Semi-Institutional Discourse: The Case of Talk Shows.” Journal of Pragmatics 33(2): 209–254.
Ilie, Cornelia. 2015a. “Questions and Questioning.” In The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction, ed. by Karen Tracy, Cornelia Ilie, and Todd Sandel, 1–15. Boston: John Wiley & Sons.
Jaworski, Adam, and Crispin Thurlow. 2009. “Taking an Elitist Stance: Ideology and the Discursive Production of Social Distinction.” In Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, ed. by Alexander Jaffe, 195–226. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jefferson, Gail. 1980. “On ‘Trouble-Premonitory’ Response to Inquiry.” Sociological Inquiry 50: 153–185.
Kim, Kyu-hyun. 1999. “Other-Initiated Repair Sequences in Korean Conversation: Types and Functions.” Discourse and Cognition 6(2): 141–168.
Kim, Kyu-hyun. 2004. “A Conversation Analysis of Korean Sentence-Ending Modal Suffixes -Ney, -Kwun(a), and -Ta: Noticing as a Social Action.” The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 12(1): 1–35.
Kim, Kyu-hyun, and Kyung-Hee Suh. 2015. “Formulating Practices in Korean TV Talk Shows: The Host’s Category Work as Morally-Ordered Action.” Paper presented at the 14th International Pragmatics (IPrA) Conference. University of Antwerp, Belgium.
Kim, Stephanie H. 2016. “When Speakers Account for Their Questions: Ani-Prefaced Accounts in Korean Conversation.” In Accountability in Social Interaction, ed. by Jeffrey D. Robinson, 294–320. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Labov, William, and David Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. New York: Academic Press.
Labov, William, and Joshua Waletzky. 1967. “Narrative Analysis: Oral Versions of Personal Experience.” In Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts, ed. by June Helm, 12–44. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Lee, Hyo Sang. 1991. Tense, Aspect, and Modality: A Discourse-Pragmatic Analysis of Verbal Affixes in Korean from a Typological Perspective. Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles.
Lee, Hyo Sang. 1993. “Cognitive Constraints on Expressing Newly Perceived Information, with Reference to Epistemic Modal Suffixes in Korean.” Cognitive Linguistics 4–2: 135–167.
Lee, Hyo Sang. 1999. “A Discourse-Pragmatic Analysis of the Committal -Ci in Korean: A Synthetic Approach to the Form-Meaning Relation.” Journal of Pragmatics 31: 243–275.
Lerner, Gene H. 2013. “On the Place of Hesitating in Delicate Formulations: A Turn-Constructional Infrastructure for Collaborative Indiscretion.” In Conversational Repair and Human Understanding, ed. by Jack Sidnell, Makoto Hayashi, and Geoffrey Raymond, 95–134. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lerner, Gene H., Galina B. Bolden, Alexa Hepburn, and Jenny Mandelbaum. 2012. “Reference Recalibration Repairs: Adjusting the Precision of Formulations for the Task at Hand.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 45(2): 191–212.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria. 2005. “A Rapport and Impression Management Approach to Public Figures’ Performance of Talk. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 611–631.
Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mihler, Elliot G. 1975. “Studies in Dialogue and Discourse: II. Types of Discourse Initiated by and Sustained through Questioning.” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 4(2): 99–121.
Moore, Shaun. 1995. “Media, Modernity and Lived Experience.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 19: 5–19.
Newman, Judith. 1992. “Why Do People Tell All on Talk Shows?” New Woman, August 1992, 216–219.
Nir, Bracha, Gonen Dori-Hacohen, and Yael Maschler. 2014. “Formulations on Israeli Political Talk Radio: From Actions and Sequences to Stance via Dialogic Resonance.” Discourse Studies 16(4): 534–571.
Penz, von Hermine. 1996. Language and Control in American TV Talk Shows: an analysis of linguistic strategies. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Pollner, Melvin. 1974. “Mundane Reasoning.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 4: 35–54.
Pomerantz, Anita. 1978. “Compliment Responses: Notes on the Co-operation of Multiple Constraints.” In Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction, ed. by Jim Schenkein, 79–112. New York: Academic Press.
Pomerantz, Anita. 1984. “Agreeing and Disagreeing with Assessments: Some Features of Preferred/Dispreferred Turn Shapes.” In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson, and John Heritage, 57–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Raymond, Geoffrey. 2003. “Grammar and Social Organization: Yes/No Interrogatives and the Structure of Responding.” American Sociological Review 68: 939–967.
Raymond, Geoffrey. 2010. “Grammar and Social Relations: Alternative Forms of Yes/No-Type Initiating Actions in Health Visitor Interactions.” In “Why Do You Ask?”: The Functions of Questions in Institutional Discourse, ed. by Alice F. Freed, and Susan Ehrlich, 87–107. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reynolds, Edward. 2013. Enticing a Challengeable: Instituting Social Order as a Practice of Public Conflict. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. The University of Queensland.
Sacks, Harvey. 1984. “On Doing ‘being ordinary’.” In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson, and John Heritage, 413–429. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sacks, Harvey. 1988/89. “On Members’ Measurement Systems.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 22: 45–60.
Sacks, Harvey. 1992. Lectures on Conversation, vols. 1 & 2. Cambridge: Blackwell.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1988. “Presequences and Indirection: Applying Speech Act Theory to Ordinary Conversation.” Journal of Pragmatics 12(1): 55–62.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1988/1989. “From Interview to Confrontation: Observations on the Bush/Rather Encounter.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 22: 215–240.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 2001. “Getting Serious: Joke Serious ‘No’.” Journal of Pragmatics 33(12): 1947–1955.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 2007. Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Simonen, Mika. 2012. “Formulation in Clinical Interviews.” Communication & Medicine 9(2): 133–144.
Sinclair, John, and Malcolm Coulthard. 1975. Toward an Analysis of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stivers, Tanya. 2011. “Morality and Question Design: ‘Of Course’ as Contesting a Presupposition of Askability.” In The Morality of Knowledge in Conversation, ed. by Tanya Stivers, Lorenza Mondada, and Jakob Steensig, 82–106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stokoe, Elizabeth H., and Derek Edwards. 2008. “‘Did You Have Permission to Smash Your Neighbour’s Door?’ Silly Questions and Their Answers in Police-Suspect Interrogations.” Discourse Studies 10(1): 89–111.
Suh, Cheong-Soo. 2006. Korean Grammar. Seoul: Hanyang University Press.
Thompson, Sandra A., Fox, Barbara A., and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen. 2015. Grammar in Everyday Talk: Building Responsive Actions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tolson, Andrew. 2001. “‘Being Yourself’: The Pursuit of Authentic Celebrity.” Discourse Studies 3(4): 443–457.
Tolson, Andrew. 2006. Media Talk: Spoken Discourse on TV and Radio. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Thornborrow, Joanna. 2007. “Narrative, Opinion and Situated Argument in Talk Show Discourse.” Journal of Pragmatic 39: 1436–1453.
Walker, Esther. 1995. “Making a Bid for Change: Formulations in Union/Management Negotiation.” Negotiating Work. In The Discourse of Negotiation: Studies of Language in the Workplace, ed. by Alan Firth, 101–140. Oxford: Pergamon.
Weizman, Elda. 2006. “Roles and Identities in News Interviews: The Israeli Context.” Journal of Pragmatics 38: 154–179.
Whitehead, Kevin A. 2009. “Categorizing the Categorizer: The Management of Racial Common Sense in Interaction.” Social Psychology Quarterly 72(4), 2009: 325–342.
Yoon, Kyung-Eun. 2010. “Questions and Responses in Korean Conversation.” Journal of Pragmatics 42: 2782–2798.
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Choe, Hanwool
2024.
“할미 마음이 아파요”: Korean Honorific Speech Level Markers as Contextualization Cues in Family Instant Messages. In
Exploring Korean Politeness Across Online and Offline Interactions [
Advances in (Im)politeness Studies, ],
► pp. 35 ff.
Kim, Kyu-hyun
2022.
Syllabically matched resonance in sound and category.
East Asian Pragmatics 7:3
► pp. 459 ff.
Kim, Kyu-hyun
2024.
Request for confirmation sequences in Korean.
Open Linguistics 10:1
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.