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Part of
Pragmatic Markers and Peripheries
Edited by Daniël Van Olmen and Jolanta Šinkūnienė
[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 325] 2021
► pp. 77–110

Chapter 3
Presentation followed by negotiation

Final pragmatic particle sequencing in Ainu

ORCID logo | Hokkaido University of Education
ORCID logo | Fuji Women’s University

This study explores the sequential pattern of sentence- or utterance-final pragmatic particles in Ainu, an indigenous language of Japan, and demonstrates that the particle sequences largely exhibit an ordering summarized as presentation followed by negotiation: a particle concerning the “presentation” of a speech act is followed by another particle representing the “negotiation” with the addressee for a speech act. These “presenting” and “negotiating” functions are further analyzed with respect to the speech event conception that underlies those functions.

Keywords: final particle, pragmatic particle, order, attitude, stance
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.A grammatical overview of Ainu
  • 3.Discourse-pragmatic analysis of final particles in Ainu
    • 3.1Final particles and speech act types
    • 3.2Stance marking with directive-type final particles
    • 3.3Stance marking with reactive-type final particles
    • 3.4Stance orientation and speech act management
  • 4.Final particles in sequence and their functions
    • 4.1Particle sequence yan un
    • 4.2Particle sequence na hani
    • 4.3Particle sequence yan hani
  • 5.Motivations for final particle sequence order
    • 5.1Presentation followed by negotiation
    • 5.2Cross-linguistic similarity and possible motivations
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 13 October 2021
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.325.03izu
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