Index

• ad hominem (argument / fallacy)18, 107, 113, 251, 262, 266, 267

• agenda8, 56, 108, 112, 125, 162, 167, 170, 179
  • global agenda169
  • political agenda10, 17, 158, 162, 164, 171, 177

• argument8, 10, 14–19, 31, 47, 50, 53, 69, 85, 89, 91, 92, 101–105, 107–109, 113, 160, 161, 178, 187, 189, 192, 197, 198, 208, 223, 227, 240–243, 246–252, 254, 260, 262, 263, 267–273, 276, 277, 284, 285, 287–291, 293–298, 300–305
  • counter-argument16, 85
  • pseudo-argument107, 108, 113
  • scientific argument69, 81; see also fallacy

• argumentation8, 15, 17, 19, 31, 33, 41, 53, 91, 92, 113, 124, 175, 240, 243, 248, 249, 263, 268–272, 275–277, 289
  • argumentation scheme(s)14, 248
  • pseudo-argumentation106

• argumentative2, 13, 19, 37, 41, 51, 76, 78, 91, 95, 107, 112, 113, 129, 192, 197, 221, 240, 241, 243, 246–248, 254, 259, 260, 262, 263, 266, 273, 275–277, 287, 288, 294

• audience2, 6–8, 11, 15, 16, 33, 34, 37, 56, 62, 64, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76, 78–82, 91, 107, 112, 119, 123–125, 132, 136, 141, 143, 147, 149, 163, 164, 169, 179, 187, 190, 240, 243, 259, 275, 276, 286, 304
  • critical audience9
  • imagined audience34
  • passive audience7
  • target audience1, 86

• authority /authorities13–15, 28, 36–38, 40, 47, 53–55, 68, 70, 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 90, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 120, 121, 126, 146, 148, 165, 219, 229, 245, 276, 301
  • deontic authority81
  • epistemic authority16, 81, 138, 141, 148
  • health authorities16, 42, 46, 50, 51, 54, 78, 79, 80, 92–94, 98, 101, 102, 114, 235
  • institutional authorities2, 103
  • legal authority165
  • military authorities14, 51
  • political authority13, 15, 16, 63, 69, 70–73, 81, 93
  • public authorities14, 46, 50
  • scientific authority63, 68–73, 80–82, 93, 250

• behaviour1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 30, 32, 33, 36, 71, 78, 86, 88, 92, 96, 97, 109, 112, 121, 125, 141, 143, 164, 298–300

• belief4–7, 16, 19, 27, 28, 69, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 92, 96–98, 101, 102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 114, 163, 164, 165, 189, 220, 275, 284

• bias8, 11, 31, 95, 123, 190
  • biased31, 40, 55, 79, 88, 190, 204, 234
  • unbiased55

• blame3, 6–9, 13, 14, 16, 19, 28–30, 34–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 51–55, 71–73, 81, 86, 120, 121, 126, 130, 131, 133, 138, 141, 142, 145, 146, 148–150, 198, 216, 218, 226, 227, 244, 286, 293–295, 302, 303
  • blame avoidance6–9, 13, 14, 30, 35–37, 41, 48, 55, 71, 86, 120, 126, 130, 141, 142, 145, 149

• broadsheet (newspaper)17, 198–200, 202, 208

• censorship38, 40, 42, 45, 111, 233, 241

• citizen7, 14, 15, 41, 85, 86, 88, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 110–113, 121, 124, 128, 142, 175, 178, 240–244, 247, 248, 260, 264, 266, 269, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 284

• cognitive3, 4, 8, 32, 65–68, 76–78, 80–82, 89, 92, 95–101, 105, 107–109, 111, 113, 129, 165
  • cognitive dissonance16, 97–101, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113

• consensus8, 13–16, 18, 19, 31, 63, 68, 70, 72, 74, 81, 85, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103, 106, 111, 113, 114, 161, 162, 164, 219, 228, 294, 302, 303, 305

• consent2, 5, 33, 40, 122, 124

• conspiracy175, 179, 180, 221, 227, 228, 229, 234
  • conspiracy group11
  • conspiracy narrative11
  • conspiracy theory/theories2, 7, 11, 13, 16–18, 74, 75, 79, 81, 125, 157–161, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 175, 177–180, 215–220, 222–267
  • conspiracy theorist(s)17

• constrain18, 62–66, 70, 133, 190, 201
  • constraint15, 32, 64–66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 78, 80–82, 100, 109

• context selection4, 65
  • context selection constraint65, 75

• crisis reporting26, 34, 41, 55

• deception1, 31, 216
  • deceptive38
  • deceptive communication32, 62
  • deceptive communicative intent66
  • deceptive discourses18, 217
  • deceptive goal274
  • deceptive influence5
  • deeptive intention274
  • deceptive intents66
  • deceptive strategy66
  • deceptive uses of language64

• decision-making9, 33, 36, 89, 90, 42, 259, 262, 267, 268, 270, 272, 277

• delegitimise72, 165; see also legitimise

• deliberate5, 6, 132, 138, 158, 175, 286

• deliberately17, 42, 44, 88, 107, 148, 163, 186, 187, 207

• deliberation7, 122

• deliberative5, 7, 267

• digital7, 14, 17, 86, 157, 158, 161, 165, 177
  • digital discourse14, 17, 157, 161
  • digital environment7, 17, 157–158, 161, 165

• diplomatic (language)17, 186–188, 192, 193, 195–197, 200, 208, 230

• discourse analysis3, 31, 37, 216, 287, 302
  • critical discourse analysis3, 287

• disinformation1, 11, 56, 88, 125, 157, 216, 227, 228, 230, 233

• dissent2, 34, 74, 88, 95, 99, 103, 111, 219

• dissenters106, 112

• dissensus13, 15, 16, 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 95, 99, 101, 102, 113, 114

• elite(s)8, 11, 17, 71, 158, 161, 164, 167, 170–172, 175, 179, 180
  • global elite171, 175, 176
  • political elite8
  • ruling elite171, 172

• emotion2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 19, 76, 89, 90, 91, 99, 105, 109, 163, 165, 246, 259, 260, 263, 277
  • emotional2, 3, 8, 33, 76, 78–80, 87–90, 92, 93, 97, 102, 107, 108, 114
  • emotionalizing10, 89

• epistemic vigilance15, 56, 62, 66, 67, 69–71, 78, 80, 82

• expert15, 48, 62, 68, 74, 75, 77–82, 88, 93, 99, 101, 103, 106, 123, 145, 147, 204, 227, 228, 232, 233, 235, 242, 250, 289
  • medical expert93, 99, 103
  • political expert81
  • scientific expert1, 14, 41, 63, 68, 69, 72, 227

• expertise13, 15, 63, 74, 80, 82, 97, 109, 125, 165, 174, 243
  • majority expertise64, 74, 75, 77–81
  • medical expertise102
  • minority expertise74, 78–81
  • scientific expertise13, 15, 19, 62, 63, 77, 80–82, 93

• fake news3, 12, 157, 235, 257, 274, 275

• fallacy / fallacies / fallacious(ness)16, 18, 31, 37, 71, 76, 85, 91, 105, 107, 108, 112, 113, 175, 189, 240, 241, 243, 249, 254, 255, 258–260, 263, 264, 266, 267, 270, 272, 274, 275–277, 287, 289, 302, 304, 305
  • ad hominem fallacy / argument18, 107, 113, 251, 262, 266, 267
  • red herring fallacy / argument105, 107, 108, 109, 110
  • straw man fallacy37, 75, 76, 108, 113, 255, 266; see also argument

• health7, 33, 69, 74, 78, 87, 93, 105, 108, 121, 122, 124, 175, 249, 250, 267, 269, 272, 273, 277
  • health authorities16, 42, 46, 50, 51, 54, 78, 79, 80
  • health campaigns69, 71
  • health crisis14, 18, 34, 35, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 55, 56
  • health policies70, 86
  • health sector1, 12
  • health official(s)14, 30, 41, 48; see also public health;Swedish public health agency;public health authorities

• info-argument246, 247, 260, 262–264, 268, 273, 274, 276

• institutional3, 5, 7. 9, 12, 14, 30, 71, 86, 101, 109, 113, 125, 194, 203, 204, 206, 209, 243, 246, 248, 260, 262, 270, 276
  • institutional actors18, 241, 262, 277
  • institutional argumentation19, 240, 270, 277
  • institutional authorities2, 103
  • institutional communication1, 248, 277
  • institutional ethos205
  • institutional spokespersons2
  • institutional tweets18, 241
  • institutional users260, 262, 263

• institutionalized8, 87, 93

• journalist(s)29, 34, 40, 41, 47, 51, 53, 54, 73, 93, 123, 131, 149, 196, 219, 224, 234, 236, 254, 256, 259, 260, 300

• journalistic34, 40, 47, 56, 217, 274

• keyword3, 11, 16, 39, 92, 166, 259, 260, 263–266, 268, 272, 273, 276

• ‘lab leak’ hypothesis / theory18, 217–220, 224, 225–234, 236

• leadership8, 9, 121, 124, 130, 143, 148, 151, 172, 218, 285, 290, 294

• legitimise121, 158, 165, 167, 175, 180, 295; see also delegitimise

• lockdown10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 93, 100, 127, 158–161, 166–172, 174–179, 244, 249, 257, 263–265, 271, 272, 276
  • anti-lockdown93

• manipulating perceptions9, 36, 47, 55

• manipulatory19, 242
  • manipulatory devices177
  • manipulatory discourse243
  • manipulatory goals277
  • manipulatory messages242

• media discourse14, 63, 163, 224, 236

• mediatized28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 41, 48, 51, 54–56, 86
  • mediatized debate28, 34, 48, 51, 54
  • mediatized discourse28, 34, 37, 41, 55
  • mediatized representations33

• metaphor11, 65, 124, 248
  • metaphorical11, 124, 139

• metapragmatic(s)18, 215, 217, 220–236; see also pragmatic(s)

• metonym11

• misconception38, 95

• misinformation7, 11, 12, 15, 63, 81, 88, 99, 133, 218, 232, 233, 235, 242, 274, 275

• persuasion3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 18, 33, 88, 89, 91, 124, 125, 164, 216, 275
  • overpersuasion2

• polarization2, 8, 10, 15, 17, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 95, 96, 99, 101, 103, 106, 113, 114, 163, 172, 179

• populism10, 30, 179

• populist2, 10, 17, 18, 31, 164, 167, 172, 179, 244

• post-hoc (argument / fallacy)255, 257, 263, 267, 277

• pragmatic(s)4, 10, 14, 16, 31, 36, 37, 38, 41, 47, 62, 64, 77, 78, 89, 92, 119, 120, 128, 129, 133, 134, 137, 141, 148, 150, 151, 187, 188, 246, 254
  • cognitive pragmatic(s)31, 62, 78; see also metapragmatic

• pragma-rhetoric3, 26–28, 30, 35, 37, 41, 47, 48, 55, 92
  • pragma-rhetorical14, 15, 85, 92

• prejudice1, 80, 88, 90, 219

• propaganda6, 7, 30, 31, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 53, 226, 235

• public debate14, 28, 48, 50, 51, 54, 97, 216, 226, 228, 229, 231, 233, 234

• public health1, 11, 34, 48, 50, 90, 121, 124, 236, 241
  • public health authorities11, 34, 46
  • Swedish public health agency16, 85, 88, 102, 103, 112

• relevance theory31, 65

• retweet158, 165, 166, 172, 176, 177, 178, 246; see also tweet

• rhetoric37, 38, 53, 77, 88, 92, 99, 121, 124, 188, 192, 193, 245, 248
  • rhetorical5, 6, 13, 34, 37, 56, 62, 75, 78, 79, 81, 90, 95, 119, 188, 191, 197, 198, 199, 203–205, 221, 259, 289
  • rhetorical question(s)89, 104, 109, 246

• rumour1, 2, 11, 45, 158, 159, 218, 219, 227, 230

• scapegoat8, 14, 26, 36, 37, 41, 45, 54, 55, 86, 302
  • scapegoating9, 13, 19, 37, 41, 51, 53, 55, 294, 302

• scientific communication15, 62, 63, 125

• scientific discourse2, 15, 62, 63, 125, 242, 243

• social media2, 17, 74, 88, 95, 157, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 170, 178, 179, 232, 243, 285, 289

• Spanish influenza28, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55

• spin7, 41, 51, 52
  • spinning37

• strategic1, 4, 7, 9, 16, 17, 36, 56, 89, 102, 119–121, 123, 133, 137, 141, 148, 149, 150, 151, 159, 163, 188, 191, 203, 221, 233, 235, 246–248, 262, 265, 270, 273, 276, 290
  • strategically3, 4, 37, 67, 123, 141, 193

• tabloid (newspapers)17, 194, 196, 198–201, 208, 224

• topoi19, 126, 145, 146, 149, 284, 287–289, 302–305
  • topos126, 146, 148, 287, 289, 302, 303, 305

• trust / trustworthiness2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 19, 63, 66, 69, 70, 76, 80, 85, 88, 95, 98, 101, 102, 105, 107–109, 113, 122, 125, 126, 130, 135–137, 140, 146, 148, 150, 175, 194–196, 207, 240, 241, 277, 284, 285, 287, 290, 293–295, 298, 303, 304
  • distrust1, 80, 81, 93, 103, 203, 234, 242, 275, 277
  • mistrust / (mis)trust1, 11, 12, 19, 198, 200
  • untrustworthy / untrustworthiness194, 195, 197, 204

• tweet8, 13, 16, 18, 158, 160, 164, 166, 167, 169, 171, 172, 174–178, 241, 243, 245, 247; see also retweet

• twitter7, 8, 11, 16, 158, 161–167, 169, 170, 172, 177, 179, 195, 199, 242, 243, 245, 247