This chapter discusses validity parameters for studies on writing processes in a second or foreign language (L2). To that end, Cook and Campbell’s validity framework, which discerns four types of validity, i.e., statistical, internal, construct and external validity, has been used. The chapter… read more
Producing a meaningful written discourse in a foreign language requires a high cognitive effort of EFL learners. They face challenges caused by L2 word or grammar-related difficulties, and also by the L2 genre and genre conventions that may be quite different from what they experienced in their… read more
Previous research suggests that literary reading may involve critical thinking. This involvement may facilitate critical literary understanding (CLU), i.e. understanding the literary text in a reconstructive, de-automatized manner. However, little is known about the cognitive processes this… read more
Previous research has shown that adolescent readers differ in their ‘online’ processing of literary texts. Differences were found in the extent to which these readers performed certain (meta)cognitive and affective activities while reading literary texts. However, readers might also differ in… read more
This study examines whether writers vary how they write under influence of the changing task situation when writing in a second language (L2) and, if so, whether differences in the way they write are related to variations in text quality. Twenty first year students wrote four texts each in their L2… read more
In order to provide textbook authors with empirical data on the acquisition in Dutch of written morphology in nouns, verbs and adjectives, several empirical studies have been undertaken. In this article, the third study reports on the performance of the morpheme -e in a special case of adjectives… read more
Couzijn (Couzijn, 1995; Couzijn & Rijlaarsdam 1996) showed that learning to write and read argumentative texts is facilitated by observation tasks. Compared with executing the exercises themselves, observing others executing the tasks proved to be more beneficial in learning and transfer. In this… read more
In order to provide authors of text books with empirical data on the acquisition in Dutch of written morphology in nouns, verbs and adjectives, several empirical studies were undertaken. In this article, the second study is reported on the performance of the morpheme -en in a special case of… read more
It is assumed that language education can gain considerable profit when more attention is given to the process of language learning and processing. In other words, it is not enough to look at what pupils are doing, but also at how they are doing it. More attention to the process means a shift… read more
The results of two studies on writing processes are discussed. One study is about the relationship between cognitive activities and text quality in L1, the other on the relationship between Ll-writing profiency and cognitive activities during L2-writing tasks. It is argued that writing tasks in L2… read more
In this article a survey is given of the domain of oracy skills that will be the subject of a periodical repeated nationwide assessment study. The domain for the assessment of eleven-year-old pupils is restricted by two principles. a. The assessment includes communicative behaviour in testing… read more