The goal of the current study was to investigate the variable use and development of first-person-singular subject forms in additional-language Spanish before and at the end of an academic year in Spain. Our data came from the LANGSNAP corpus (http://langsnap.soton.ac.uk). We examined oral… read more
Whereas much research has examined the acquisition of grammatical gender in additional-language French, previous studies have all focused on targetlikeness. In other words, previous research reveals how accurate learners are in expressing gender and what factors may play a role in accuracy. Such… read more
The current study builds on research on advanced-level Spanish and variable mood distinction (the subjunctive-indicative contrast) by exploring learners’ willingness to use both verbal moods in specific linguistic contexts that have been shown to be variable for a group of native speakers of… read more
In the field of second language acquisition (SLA), the importance of and the challenges associated with data-coding decisions often go unaddressed. And yet the operationalization of variables ultimately determines our capacity to both enter into dialogue with previous research and to address new… read more
The aim of this study was to examine how a group of 20 learners of second-language French express gender marking in three written tasks administered over the course of 21 months, including an academic year abroad. All full nouns modified by either a determiner or an adjective overtly marked for… read more
In face-to-face spoken interactions, language learners must construct a meaningful message consistent with the L2 grammar, articulate it comprehensibly, and manage the aspects of oral communication that reflect speaker identity, interlocutor identities, and the characteristics of the… read more
Research on variation demonstrates that analyses of frequency and predictors of use contribute to our understanding of languages. Investigations of subject expression in Spanish in particular have identified differences across person and number of the verb that suggest that linguists should focus… read more
This investigation studies the second language (L2) development of variable future-time expression in French. One hundred and eighteen nonnative speakers at four proficiency levels and 30 native speakers completed a written-contextualized task (WCT), a language-proficiency test and a background… read more
The current study builds on research on mood distinction in Spanish, which has focused on the subjunctive mood, by examining the full inventory of verb forms that second-language learners and native speakers (NSs) of Spanish use in mood-choice contexts. Twenty NSs and 130 learners corresponding to… read more