Impoliteness is a common phenomenon across various democratically elected parliaments. However, in multilingual
legislative bodies such as the European Parliament speakers have to rely on interpreters to transfer pragmatic meaning, including
face-threatening acts and impoliteness. The existing research in the field of Interpreting Studies offers much evidence of the
filtering effect that interpreting may have on impoliteness, through facework strategies introduced by interpreters. The main
question here is whether female interpreters tend to mitigate grave, intentional impoliteness to a greater degree than male
interpreters. My analysis of a large corpus composed of English-Polish interpretations of speeches by Eurosceptic MEPs shows that
mitigation of impoliteness by interpreters is a widespread phenomenon. The illocutionary force of original statements is often
modified by means of diverse interpreting strategies. However, the quantitative analysis of interpreter facework does not reveal a
statistically significant gender-based difference in the distribution of approaches towards impoliteness.
Allan, Keith, and Kate Burridge. 2006. Forbidden Words. Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baker, Mona, and Andrew Chesterman. 2008. “Ethics of Renarration. Mona Baker is Interviewed by Andrew Chesterman.” Cultus 11: 10–33.
Bartłomiejczyk, Magdalena. 2016. Face Threats in Interpreting: A Pragmatic Study of Plenary Debates in the European Parliament. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Beaton, Morven. 2007. Intertextuality and Ideology in Interpreter-mediated Communication: The Case of the European Parliament. PhD diss., Heriot-Watt University.
Ben-Ari, Nitsa. 2010. “When Literary Censorship is not Strictly Enforced, Self-censorship Rushes in.” TTR 23 (2): 133–166.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chilton, Paul. 2004. Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London and New York: Routledge.
Cosmidou, Olga. 2013. “The European Parliament: A Temple of Multilingualism, a Pioneer in Interpreting ‘exploits’.” Gramma 191: 129–132.
Culpeper, Jonathan. 1996. “Towards an Anatomy of Impoliteness.” Journal of Pragmatics 251: 349–367.
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2011. Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2013. “Impoliteness: Questions and Answers.” In Aspects of Linguistic Impoliteness, ed. by Denis Jamet, and Manuel Jobert, 2–15. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2016. “Impoliteness Strategies.” In Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatics, Culture and Society, ed. by Alessandro Capone, and Jacob L. Mey, 421–445. Berlin: Springer International.
Dąbrowska, Marta. 2007. “Are Genderlects Universal?” Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 1241: 49–50.
Dąbrowska, Marta. 2012. “Gender and Positive Politeness in Facebook Communication.” Armenian Folia Anglistika 1–2 (10): 7–20.
Duflou, Veerle. 2012. “The ‘first person norm’ in Conference Interpreting (CI) – Some Reflections on Findings from the Field.” In Interpreting Brian Harris: Recent Developments in Translatology, ed. by María Amparo Jimenez Ivars, and María Jesús Blasco Mayor, 145–160. Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang.
Gray, John. 1992. Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus: A Practical Guide to Improving Communication and Getting What You Want. New York: Harper Collins.
Gentile, Adolfo, Uldis Ozolins, and Mary Vasilakakos, M.1996. Liason Interpreting – A Handbook. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Hale, Sandra and Jemina Napier. 2013. Research Methods in Interpreting. A Practical Resource. London: Bloomsbury.
Hampel, Elisabeth. 2015. “‘Mama Zimbi, pls help me!’ – Gender Differences in (Im)politeness in Ghanaian English Advice-giving on Facebook.” Journal of Politeness Research 11 (1): 99–130.
Handke, Kwiryna. 2006. “The Language of Polish Women.” Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 411: 83–94.
Harris, Sandra. 2001. “Being Politically Impolite: Extending Politeness Theory to Adversarial Political Discourse.” Discourse and Society 12 (4): 451–472.
Herbert, Jean. 1952. English Translation 1956. The Interpreter’s Handbook: How to Become a Conference Interpreter. Geneva: Librairie de l’Université.
Holmes, Janet. 1995. Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman.
Jones, Roderick. 1998. Conference Interpreting Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Kahane, Eduardo. 2007. “Interpreters in Conflict Zones: The Limits of Neutrality.”, [URL] (accessed January 29, 2016).
Kamińska-Szmaj, Irena. 2007. Agresja językowa w życiu publicznym. Leksykon inwektyw politycznych 1918–2000 [Linguistic aggression in public life. A lexicon of political invectives 1918–2000]. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
Katan, David. 2011. “Interpreting as Intervention: Norms, Beliefs and Strategies.” In Interpretazione e mediazone: Un’opposizione inconcilabile?, ed. by José Francisco Medina Montero, and Sarah Tripepi Winteringham, 33–66. Rome: ARACNE.
Karwatowska, Małgorzata, and Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska. 2010. Lingwistyka płci. Ona i on w języku polskim [Gender linguistics. She and he in Polish]. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMSC.
Knapp-Potthoff, Annelie. 2005. “Secondhand Politeness.” In Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory, and Practice, ed. by Richard J. Watts, Sachiko Ide, Konrad Ehlich, 203–218. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lakoff, Robin. 1975. Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper and Row.
Lakoff, Robin. 1989. “The Limits of Politeness: Therapeutic and Courtroom Discourse.” Multilingua 81: 101–129.
Laskowska, Elżbieta. 2008. “Między językiem ideologii a językiem agresji [Between the language of ideology and the language of aggression].” In Reverendissimae Halinae Satkiewicz cum magna aestimatione, ed. by Grzegorz Dąbkowski, 185–193. Warsaw: Plejada.
Leech, Geoffrey. 2014. The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Łyda, Andrzej, Alina Jackiewicz, and Krystyna Warchał. 2010. “Agentless Structures in the Interpreter’s Output: Looking into the Gender Factor.” Linguistica Silesiana 311: 193–208.
Łyda, Andrzej, Krystyna Warchał, and Alina Jackiewicz. 2011. “Managing Criticism and Praise by Trainee Interpreters: Looking for Gender Differences.” In Individual Learner Differences in SLA, ed. by Janusz Arabski and Adam Wojtaszek, 161–183. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Magnifico, Cédric and Bart Defrancq. 2016. “Impoliteness in Interpreting: A Question of Gender?” Translation & Interpreting 8 (2): 26–45.
Marcjanik, Małgorzata. 2007. Grzeczność w komunikacji językowej [Politeness in linguistic communication]. Warsaw: PWN.
Marzocchi, Carlo. 2005. “On Norms and Ethics in the Discourse on Interpreting.” The Interpreter’s Newsletter 131: 87–107.
Marzocchi, Carlo. 2017. “Norms Revisited”. In The Changing Role of the Interpreter. Contextualising Norms, Ethics and Quality Standards, ed. by Marta Biagini, Michael S. Boyd, and Claudia Monacelli, 219–227. New Yok and London: Routledge.
Mason, Marianne. 2008. Courtroom Interpreting. Lanham: University Press of America.
Mason, Ian, and Miranda Stewart. 2001. “Interactional Pragmatics, Face and the Dialogue Interpreter.” In Triadic Exchanges. Studies in Dialogue Interpreting, ed. by Ian Mason, 51–70. Manchester: St Jerome.
Mills, Sara. 2003. Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mills, Sara. 2005. “Gender and Impoliteness.” Journal of Politeness Research 1 (2): 263–280.
Nakane, Ikuko. 2008. “Politeness and Gender in Interpreted Police Interviews.” Monash University Linguistics Papers 6 (1): 29–40.
Napier, Jemina, and Roz Baker. 2004. “Sign Language Interpreting: The Relationship between Metalinguistic Awareness and the Production of Interpreting Omissions.” Sign Language Studies 4 (4): 369–393.
Ogiermann, Eva. 2008. “On the Culture-specificity of Linguistic Gender Differences: The Case of English and Russian Apologies.” Intercultural Pragmatics 5 (3): 259–286.
Pérez de Ayala, Soledad. 2001. “FTA and Erskine May: Conflicting Needs? Politeness in Question Time.” Journal of Pragmatics 33 (2): 143–169.
Polkowska, Laura. 2014. “Naruszanie zasad etyki poselskiej w latach 2001–2012 [Breaking the rules of MP ethics in the years 2001–2012].” Poradnik Językowy 11/2014: 61–70.
Pöchhacker, Franz. 2004. Introducing Interpreting Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2007. “Interpreting in Asylum Hearings: Issues of Saving Face.” In The Critical Link 4. Professionalisation of Interpreting in the Community, ed. by Cecilia Wadensjö, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova, and Anna-Lena Nilsson, 39–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Santaemilia, José. 2008. “The Translation of Sex-related Language: The Danger(s) of Self Censorship(s).” TTR 21 (2): 221–252.
Seeber, Kilian. 2017. “Interpreting at the European Institutions: Faster, Higher, Stronger.” CLINA 3–21: 73–90.
Tannen, Deborah. 1990. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Ballantine.
Tymoczko, Maria. 2007. Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Wadensjö, Cecilia. 1998. Interpreting as Interaction. London and New York: Longman.
Watts, Richard J.2003. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weatherall, Ann. 2002. Gender, Language and Discourse. Hove: Routledge.
Wilkoń, Aleksander. 1987. Typologia odmian językowych współczesnej polszczyzny [Typology of linguistic varieties of modern Polish]. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski.
Zwischenberger, Cornelia. 2017. “Professional Self-perception of the Social Role of Conference Interpreters. In The Changing Role of the Interpreter. Contextualising Norms, Ethics and Quality Standards, ed. by Marta Biagini, Michael S. Boyd, and Claudia Monacelli, 52–73. New Yok and London: Routledge.
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Chai, Ting & Junxia Hou
2024. Scrambling for power or cooperation for stability: A case study of mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationship in China. Discourse Studies
2023. A Literature Review on Gender in Interpreting: Implications for Healthcare Interpreting. In New Trends in Healthcare Interpreting Studies [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 41 ff.
Dayter, Daria, Miriam A. Locher & Thomas C. Messerli
2023. Pragmatics in Translation,
Saleem, Aisha, Tahir Saleem & Asif Aziz
2022. A pragmatic study of congratulation strategies of Pakistani ESL learners and British English speakers. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 7:1
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.