Cover not available
Article published In:
Pragmatics
Vol. 2:2 (1992) ► pp.141–166

Ideology and facts on African American English

Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
Published online: 1 June 1992
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.2.2.03muf
References (88)
Alleyne, M.C
(1980) Comparative Afro-American: An historical-comparative study of English-based Afro-American dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Bailey, B.L
(1965) “Toward a new perspective in Negro English dialectology”. American Speech 401: 171-7. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bailey, G
(1987) Unititled contribution to Are black and white vernaculars diverging? Papers from the NWAVE XIV panel discussion, ed. by R. Butters, pp. 32-40. American Speech 621, #1.Google Scholar
. (to appear) Review of Edgar Schneider (1989) Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages.
Bailey, G. and M. Bassett
(1986) “Invariant be in the Lower South”. In Montgomery and Bailey: 158-79.Google Scholar
Bailey, G. and N. Maynor
(1987) “Decreolization?” Language in Society 161: 449-73. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Baugh, J
(1980) “A re-examination of the Black English copula”. In Locating language in time and space, ed. by W. Labov, 83-106. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
(1983a) Black street speech: Its history, structure and survival. Austin: University of Texas Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar
(1983b) “A survey of Afro-American English”. Annual Review of Anthropology 121: 335-54. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1984)  Steady: Progressive aspect in Black Vernacular English. American Speech 591: 3-12. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, D
(1984) “The language bioprogram hypothesis”. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 71: 173-221. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Botkin, B.A
(1945) Lay my burden down: A folk history of slavery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Brewer, J
(1973) “Subject concord of be in Early Black English”. American Speech 481: 5-21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Burling, R
(1973) English in black and white. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.Google Scholar
Butters, R
(1989) The death of Black English: Divergence and convergence in black and white vernaculars. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Crozier, A
(1984) “The Scottish-Irish influence on American English”. American Speech 591: 310-31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dalby, D
(1971) “Communication in Africa and the New World”. In Black-white speech relations, ed. by W. Wolfram & N.H. Clarke: 99-138. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
DeBose, Ch
(1984a) “Samana English: a dialect that time forgot”. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Amy Dahlstrom et al.: 47-53. BLS.Google Scholar
(1984b) “A reanalysis of the Black English verb system as decreolization”. MS.
D’Eloia, S.G
(1973) “Issues in the analysis of Negro Nonstandard English: A review of J.L. Dillard’s Black English: Its history and usage in the United States”. Journal of English Linguistics 71: 87-106. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dik, S.C
(1983) “Auxiliary and copula be in a functional grammar of English”. In Linguistic categories: Auxiliaries and related puzzles, vol. 2, ed. by Frank Heny: 121-43. Dordrecht: D. Reibel Publishing Co. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dillard, J.L
(1972) Black English: Its history and usage in the United States. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
(1985) Toward a social history of American English. New York: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dunn, E.F
(1976) “The black-southern white dialect controversy: Who what to whom?” In Black English: A seminar, ed. by D.S. Harrison & T. Trabasso: 105-22. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Fasold, R.W
(1969) “Tense and the form of be in Black English”. Language 451: 763-76. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1976) “One hundred years from syntax to phonology”. In Papers from the parasession on diachronic syntax, ed. by S. Steever, C. Walker, and S. Mufwene: 79-87. Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
(1981) “The relationship between black and white speech in the South”. American Speech 561: 163-89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fasold, R.W. & W. Wolfram
(1975) “Some linguistic features of Negro dialect”. In Black American English: Its background and its usage in the schools and in the literature, ed. by Paul Stoller. Delta.Google Scholar
Feagin, C
(1979) Variation and change in Alabama English: a sociolinguistic study of the white community. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Fickett, J.G
(1972) “Tense and aspect in Black English”. Journal of English Linguistics 61: 17-19. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1975) “Ain’t, not and don’t in Black English”. In Perspectives on Black English, ed. by J.L. Dillard: 86-90. The Hague: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frajzyngier, Z
(1984) “On the origin of say and se as complementizers in Black English and English-based creoles”. American Speech 591: 207-10. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gilman, C
(1981) “Pidgin languages: Form selection or simplification?” Paper read at 10th Annual Linguistic Symposium, Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin.
Hancock, I
(1986) “On the classification of Afro-Seminole Creole”. In Language variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white, ed. by Michael Montgomery and Guy Bailey, 85-101. University: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
(1987) “A preliminary classification of the Anglophone Atlantic creoles, with syntactic data from 33 representative dialects”. In Pidgin and creole languages: Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke, ed. by Glenn Gilbert: 264-333. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Herskovits, M.J
(1941) The myth of the Negro past. Boston: Bacon Press.Google Scholar
Holm, J
(1976) “Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin”. Paper presented at First Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, Georgetown, Guyana.
(1984) “Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin”, (updated and expanded version) American Speech 591: 291-309. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1988) Pidgins and creoles. Vol. 1: Theory and structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Krapp, G.P
(1924) “The English of the Negro”. The American Mercury 21: 190-5.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans
(1928) The origin of dialectal differences in spoken American English. Modern Philology. 25.385-95. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Labov, W
(1969) “Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula”. Language 451: 714-62. (Also in Labov 1972a: 65-129). DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(1972a) Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: U. of Philadelphia Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar
(1972b) “Is the Black English Vernacular a separate system?” In Labov 1972a: 36-64.Google Scholar
(1972c) “Negative attraction and negative concord”. In Labov 1972a: 130-96.Google Scholar
(1972d) “The logic of nonstandard English”. In Labov 1972a: 201-40.Google Scholar
(1982) “Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science: The case of the Black English trial in Ann Arbor”. Language in Society 11.1 165-201. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Loflin, M.D
(1970) “On the structure of the verb in a dialect of American Negro English”. Linguistics 591: 14-28.Google Scholar
Loflin, M.D., N.J. Sobin, and J.L. Dillard
(1973) “Auxiliary structures and time adverbs in Black American English”. American Speech 481: 22-8. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McDavid, R., Jr.
(1950) “Review of Turner (1949)”. Language 261: 323-33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McDavid, R., Jr. and V. McDavid
(1951) “The relationship of the speech of American Negroes to the speech of Whites”. American Speech 261: 3-17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, M
(1983) “The study of the language of Blacks and Whites in the American South”. Tennessee Linguistics 21: 36-46.Google Scholar
Montgomery, M. and G. Bailey
(1986) “Introduction”. In Montgomery and Bailey: 1-29.Google Scholar
(eds.) (1986) Language variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white. University: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S.S
(1983a) Some observations on the verb in Black English Vernacular. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, Papers series 2, University of Texas at Austin.
(1983b) “Observations on time reference in Jamaican and Guyanese creoles”. English World-Wide 41:199-229. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1984a) Stativity and the progressive. Indiana University Linguisitc Club.Google Scholar
(1984b) “Gullah and Jamaican creole: an issue on decreolization”. Paper presented at Fifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
(1985a) “Misinterpreting ‘linguistic continuity’ charitably”. Paper presented at 9th Annual Language and Culture in South Carolina Symposium, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
(1985b) “Review of Baugh (1983a)”. American Speech 601: 161-6. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1986a) “Notes on durative constructions in Jamaican and Guyanese creoles”. In Varieties of English Around the World: Focus on the Caribbean, ed. by Manfred Görlach and J. Holm: 167-82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1986b) “Number delimitation in Gullah”. American Speech 611: 33-60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1986c) “Les langues creoles peuvent-elles être définies sans allusion à leur histoire?” Etudes Créoles 91: 135-50.Google Scholar
(1986d) “The universalist and substrate hypotheses complement one another”. In Substrata versus universals in creole genesis, ed. by Pieter Muysken and Norval Smith, 129-62. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1987) “Review article on of Montgomery and Bailey (1986)”. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21: 93-110. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1988) “Starting on the wrong foot”. Column. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31: 109-17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1989) “How many be\ are there in English?” Paper presented at 40th SECOL Meeting, Norfolk, VA.
(1990) “Transfer and the substrate hypothesis in creolistics”. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12.1-23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1991a) “Is Gullah decreolizing? A comparison of a speech sample of the 1930’s with a speech sample of the 1980’s”. In The emergence of Black English: Texts and commentary, ed. by Guy Bailey, Nathalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila, 213-30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1991b) “Some reasons why Gullah is not dying yet”. English World-Wide 12.Google Scholar
(1991c) “Why grammars are monolithic”. In The joy of grammar: A festschrift for James D. McCawley, ed. by Gary Larson, Diane Brentari, and Lynn MacLeod. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1991d) “Pidgins, creoles, typology, and markedness”. In Development and structures of creole languages: Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton, ed. by Francis Byrne & Thorn Huebner: 123-43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, S.S. and M.B. Dijkhoff
(1989) “On the so-called “infinitive” in Atlantic creoles”. Lingua 77.319-52.Google Scholar
Rickford, J.R
(1974) “Insights of the mesolect”. In Pidgins and creoles: Current trends and prospects, ed. by D. DeCamp & Ian Hancock: 92-117. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
(1975) “Carrying the new wave into syntax: The case of Black English bin ”. In Analyzing variation in language, ed. by R.W. Fasold & R.W. Shuy: 162-83. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
(1977) “The question of prior creolization of Black English”. In Pidgin and creole linguistics, ed. by Albert Valdman: 190-221. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
(1986) “Social contact and linguistic diffusion”. Language 62.245-90. Rosenbaum, Peter (1968). Grammar II . Yorktown Heights, N.Y.: IBM. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ross, J.R
(1969) “Auxiliaries as main verbs”. In Studies in Philosophical Linguistics, ed. by W. Todd, 92-117. Evanston, IL: Great Expectations.Google Scholar
Schneider, E.W
(1982) “On the history of Black English in the USA: Aome new evidence”. English World-Wide 31: 18-46. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1983) “The diachronic development of the Black English perfective auxiliary phrase”. Journal of English Linguistics 161: 55-64. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1989) American earlier Black English. University, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
(1990) “The cline of creoleness in English-oriented creoles and semi-creoles of the Caribbean”. English World-Wide 111: 79-113. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1992) “Africanisms in the grammar of Afro-American English: The significance of African substratum”. In Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, ed. by Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Spears, A.K
(1982) “The Black English semi-auxiliary come”. Language 581: 850-72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Spears, AK
(1987) Unititled contribution to 4re black and white vernaculars diverging? Papers from the NWAVE XIV panel discussion , ed. by Ronald Butters, pp.48-55. American Speech 621, #1. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.) in press Language, symbolism, and ideology Wayne State University Press
Stewart, W.A
(1965) “Urban Negro speech: sociolinguistic factors affecting English teaching”. In Social dialects and language learning, ed. by Roger Shuy: 10-18. Champaign, Illinois: The National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
(1967) “Sociolinguistic factors in the history of American Negro dialects”. The Florida FL Reporter 5. (Also in Perspectives on Black English , ed. by J.L. Dillard: 222-32. The Hague: Mouton, 1975)Google Scholar
Cited by (18)

Cited by 18 other publications

Kimbara, Irene
2024. The Representation of Earlier African American Vernacular English by Charles W. Chesnutt. American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Graham, Jasmine, Norma L. Day‐Vines & Karla Zaccor
2022. Dis, Dat, and Dem: Addressing linguistic awareness for counselors of African American English speakers. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 50:2 ► pp. 73 ff. DOI logo
King, Sharese
2020. From African American Vernacular English to African American Language: Rethinking the Study of Race and Language in African Americans’ Speech. Annual Review of Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 285 ff. DOI logo
Bradford Wainwright, Angela & Michael P. Cannito
2015. Distance and Interference in the Reference Management of African American Adults. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 24:4 ► pp. 594 ff. DOI logo
Wainwright, Angela Bradford & Michael P. Cannito
2015. Referential Ambiguity in the Narrative Productions of African American Adults. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 24:4 DOI logo
Turner, K. C. Nat & Denise Ives
2013. Social Justice Approaches to African American Language and Literacy Practices: Guest Editors' Introduction. Equity & Excellence in Education 46:3 ► pp. 285 ff. DOI logo
Filmer, Alice Ashton
2003. African‐American Vernacular English: ethics, ideology, and pedagogy in the conflict between identity and power. World Englishes 22:3 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Weldon, Tracey L.
2003. Copula variability in Gullah. Language Variation and Change 15:01 DOI logo
Weldon, Tracey L.
2022. Visibly invisible: The study of middle class African American English. Language and Linguistics Compass 16:11 DOI logo
Green, Lisa J.
2002. African American English, DOI logo
Morgan, Marcyliena
2002. Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture, DOI logo
John Algeo
2001. The Cambridge History of the English Language, DOI logo
Viereck, Wolfgang
1999. African American English: verbal -s and be2 in Hyatt's earlier and later corpus. In Language Change, ► pp. 245 ff. DOI logo
Rickford, John Russell
1997. Unequal partnership: Sociolinguistics and the African American speech community. Language in Society 26:2 ► pp. 161 ff. DOI logo
Sutcliffe, David
1996. Recutting and the Emergence of the Black English Copula. dig 1996:4 ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo
Green, Lisa
1994. Review of Edwards & Winford (1991): Verb phrase patterns in Black English and creole. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9:1 ► pp. 192 ff. DOI logo
Winford, Donald
1992. Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited. Language Variation and Change 4:3 ► pp. 311 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Bibliography. In The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ► pp. 453 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 15 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.