Urban environments favorable to radical narratives
The case of El Puche
This paper aims to study the process of violent radicalization in El Puche, a marginal neighborhood of Spain with
a high percentage of disenfranchised Muslims. Particularly, we explore whether this neighborhood exhibits the factors proposed by
the 3N model of radicalization: needs, networks, and narratives. We present two studies in which we analyze these factors. In the
first study, we compare needs and networks between Muslims (N = 47) and Christians (N = 45). In
the second study, we analyze the interrelation of these factors in a sample of Muslims (N = 111). We found that people’s association with radical networks mediates the relationship between the quest for significance and radical narratives. We conclude that need,
network, and narrative are interconnected, and illustrate some of the dynamics that foster social exclusion and radicalization,
leading to supporting violence in this type of urban environments.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1The process of radicalization
- 1.2Radicalization in urban environments
- 1.3The case of El Puche
- 1.3.1Geographical and demographic dimensions
- 1.3.2Policies and institutions
- 1.3.3Economics
- 1.3.4Socio-cultural background
- 1.3.5Urban vs. rural life and welfare
- 1.3.6Criminality rate
- 1.4The present research
- 2.Study 1
- 2.1Method
- 2.1.1Participants
- 2.1.2Instruments
- 2.1.3Procedure
- 2.2Results
- 2.2.1The quest for significance
- 2.2.2The social network
- 2.3Discussion
- 3.Study 2
- 3.1Method
- 3.1.1Participants
- 3.1.2Instruments
- 3.1.3Procedure
- 3.2Results
- 3.3Discussion
- 4.General discussion
-
References
References (61)
References
Adam-Troian, Jais, Eric Bonetto, Marcos Araujo, Ouissam Baidada, Elif Celebi, Marcos Dono Martin, Fade Eadeh, et al. 2019. “Positive
Associations between Anomia and Intentions to Engage in Political Violence: Cross-Cultural Evidence from Four
Countries.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Arbuckle, James L. 2011. “AMOS (Version 7) [Computer
program].” Chicago, IL, SPSS.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Arjona, Ángeles, and Juan Carlos Checa. 2007. “Ubicación Espacial de Los Negocios Étnicos en Almería. ¿Formación de Enclaves Económicos
Étnicos? [Space Location of the Ethnic Business in Almería: Formation of
Ethnic Economic Enclaves?]” Estudios
Geográficos 681 (1992): 391–415.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bandura, Albert. 1977. Social
Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Betanzos-Martín, José Manuel, Antonio Echaves-García, Rafael Moya-Alonso, and Clemente J. Navarro-Yáñez. 2018. “La evaluación de las políticas de regeneración urbana: Propuesta metodológica para la delimitación de áreas experimentales y equivalentes [Evaluating Urban Regeneration Policies. Methodological Proposal to Delimitate Experimental and Equivalent Urban Areas].” Revista de Estudios Andaluces 361: 147–77. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bélanger, Jocelyn J., Birga M. Schumpe, Bhavna Menon, Joanna Conde Ng, and Noëmie Nociti. 2018. “Self-Sacrifice
for a Cause: A Review and an Integrative Model.” In The SAGE Handbook
of Personality and Individual Differences: Volume 2. Origins of Personality and Individual
Differences, edited by Virgil Zeigler-Hill and Todd K. Shackelford, 466–85. SAGE Publications. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bélanger, Jocelyn J., Manuel Moyano, Hayat Muhamad, Lindsy Richardson, Marc-André Lafrenière, Patrick McCaffery, Karyne Framand, and Noëmie Nociti. 2019. Radicalization
Leading To Violence: A Test of the 3N Model. Frontiers in
Psychiatry 101:42. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Capote, Alberto, and José Antonio Nieto. 2017. “Segregación de la Población Marroquí en los Principales Núcleos Urbanos de
Andalucía [Segregation of Moroccan Nationals in Andalucia’s Main
Cities].” Contexto XI (14): 23–41.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Castillo, María del Pilar, and Juan Antonio Miralles. 2011. “Soñando Nuestro Barrio. Una Experiencia desde el Trabajo con Barrios y Personas
Excluidas [Dreaming Our Neighborhood. An Experience from Working with
Neighborhoods and Excluded People].” In Actas Del I Congreso
Internacional Sobre Migraciones En Andalucía, edited by F. G. García Castaño and N. Kressova, 1903–11. Granda: Instituto de Migraciones.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Castillo, María del Pilar, and Juan Antonio Miralles. 2015. “Dinamización Comunitaria y Exclusión Social [Community
Revitalization and Social Exclusion].” Revista de Estudios Urbanos y Ciencias
Sociales 5 (1): 159–67. [URL]
Cervera, Teresa, and María Pilar Núñez. 2018. “Incidencia de la Animación a la Lectura en la Mejora de la Competencia Escrita: Una Investigación con Alumnado
Inmigrante [Incidence of Reading Animation in the Improvement of Written
Proficiency: An Investigation with Immigrant Students].” Porta
Linguarum 301: 177–91. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Checa, Juan Carlos, and Ángeles Arjona. 2005. “Factores que Determinan el Proceso de Exclusión de los Barrios Periféricos: El Caso de El Puche
(Almería) [Factors that Determine the Exclusion Process of Peripheral
Neighborhoods: The Case of El Puche (Almería)].” Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias
Sociales IX (186).![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Checa, Juan Carlos, and Ángeles Arjona. 2010. “Satisfacción Residencial en un Contexto de Exclusión Urbana [Residential Satisfaction in a Context of Urban
Exclusion].” Psyecology 1 (2): 155–71. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Da Silva, Cristina. 2018. “Historias de Exclusión en el Barrio de El Puche en Almería [Exclusion Stories in the El Puche neighborhood in Almería].” El
Salto, March 24, 2018. [URL]
De la Corte, Luis. 2015. “¿Enclaves Yihadistas? Un Estudio sobre la Presencia y el Riesgo Extremistas en Ceuta y
Melilla [Jihadist enclaves? A study on the presence and the extremist risk
in Ceuta and Melilla].” Revista de Estudios En Seguridad
Internacional 1 (2): 1–34. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De la Corte, Luis. 2019. “Urban
Environments Vulnerable to Jihadist Tadicalization: A Study of Two Spanish Cities in North
Africa.” In Jihadism, Foreign Fighters and Radicalisation in the
European Union: Legal, Functional and Psychosocial Responses, edited by Inmaculada Marrero and Humberto Mendoza Trujillo, 64–90. London: Taylor & Francis Group.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Doosje, Bertjan, Fathali M. Moghaddam, Arie W. Kruglanski, Arjan De Wolf, Liesbeth Mann, and Allard R. Feddes. 2016. “Terrorism,
Radicalization and de-Radicalization.” Current Opinion in
Psychology 111: 79–84. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dugas, Michelle, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Manuel Moyano, Birga M. Schumpe, Arie W. Kruglanski, Michele J. Gelfand, Kate Touchton-Leonard, and Noëmie Nociti. 2016. “The
Quest for Significance Motivates Self-Sacrifice.” Motivation
Science 2 (1): 15–32. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fajmonová, Veronika, Sophia Moskalenko, and Clark McCauley. 2017. “Tracking
Radical Opinions in Polls of U.S. Muslims.” Perspectives on
Terrorism 11 (2): 36–48.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gelfand, Michele J., Gary LaFree, Susan Fahey, and Emily Feinberg. 2013. “Culture
and Extremism.” Journal of Social
Issues 69 (3): 495–517. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
González-Sanz, Myriam, and Maria Feliu Torruella. 2015. “Educación Patrimonial e Identidad. El Papel de los Museos en la Generación de Cohesión Social y de Vínculos de
Pertenencia a una Comunidad [Heritage and Identity Education. The Role of
Museums in the Generation of Social Cohesion and Links of Belonging to a Community].” History and
History Teaching 411.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1968. “A Causal Model of Civil
Strife: A Comparative Analysis Using New Indices.” The American Political Science
Review 62 (4): 1104–24. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jasko, Katarzyna, Gary LaFree, and Arie Kruglanski. 2017. “Quest
for Significance and Violent Extremism: The Case of Domestic Radicalization.” Political
Psychology 38 (5): 815–31. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jasko, Katarzyna, David Webber, Arie W. Kruglanski, Michele Gelfand, Muh Taufiqurrohman, Malkanthi Hettiarachchi, and Rohan Gunaratna. 2019. “Social
Context Moderates the Effects of Quest for Significance on Violent Extremism.” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, July. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kruglanski, Arie, Katarzyna Jasko, David Webber, Marina Chernikova, and Erica Molinario. 2018. “The
Making of Violent Extremists.” Review of General
Psychology 22 (1): 107–20. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kruglanski, Arie W., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, and Rohan Gunaratna. 2019. The
Three Pillars of Radicalization: Needs, Narratives, and
Networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kruglanski, Arie W., Xiaoyan Chen, Mark Dechesne, Shira Fishman, and Edward Orehek. 2009. “Fully
Committed: Suicide Bombers’ Motivation and the Quest for Personal Significance.” Political
Psychology 30 (3): 331–57. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kruglanski, Arie W., Michele J. Gelfand, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Anna Sheveland, Malkanthi Hetiarachchi, and Rohan Gunaratna. 2014. “The
Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent
Extremism.” Political
Psychology 351 (February): 69–93. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kruglanski, Arie W., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Michele Gelfand, Rohan Gunaratna, Malkanthi Hettiarachchi, Fernando Reinares, Edward Orehek, Jo Sasota, and Keren Sharvit. 2013. “Terrorism-a
(Self) Love Story: Redirecting the Significance Quest Can End Violence.” The American
Psychologist 68 (7): 559–75. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lobato, Roberto M., Miguel Moya, Manuel Moyano, and Humberto M. Trujillo. 2018. “From
Oppression to Violence: The Role of Oppression, Radicalism, Identity, and Cultural Intelligence in Violent
Disinhibition.” Frontiers in
Psychology 9 (1505). ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lobato, Roberto M., Miguel Moya, and Humberto M. Trujillo. 2020. “Minority-
versus Majority-status Group Intentions to Transgress the Law When Oppression Is
Perceived.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public
Policy, June. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lobato, Roberto M., Manuel Moyano, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, and Humberto M. Trujillo. 2020. “The
Role of Vulnerable Environments in Support for Homegrown Terrorism: Fieldwork Using the 3N
Model.” Aggressive Behavior. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lyons-Padilla, Sarah, Michele J. Gelfand, Hedieh Mirahmadi, Mehreen Farooq, and Marieke van Egmond. 2015. “Belonging
Nowhere: Marginalization and Radicalization Risk among Muslim Immigrants.” Behavioral
Science &
Policy 1 (2): 1–12. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mayor Paredes, Domingo, and Ana María López Medialdea. 2017. “El
Aprendizaje-Servicio como Palanca para la Inclusión Educativa y Social [Service-learning as a Lever of Educational and Social
Inclusion].” Educação: Temas e
Problemas 171: 1–20. [URL]
McCauley, Clark, and Sophia Moskalenko. 2008. “Mechanisms
of Political Radicalization: Pathways toward Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political
Violence 20 (3): 415–33. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCauley, Clark, and Sophia Moskalenko. 2017. “Understanding
Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model.” American
Psychologist 72 (3): 205–16. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ministerio de Fomento. 2011a. “Área estadística vulnerable de El Puche [Vulnerable
Statistical Area of El Puche].” Gobierno de España. [URL]
Ministerio de Fomento. 2011b. “Indicadores de inmigración de El Puche [Immigration Indicators
of El Puche].” Gobierno de España. [URL]
Ministerio del Interior. 2020. “La Policía Nacional detiene en Almería a uno de los Foreign Terrorist Fighters de DAESH más buscados de
Europa [The National Police detain one of the most wanted DAESH Foreign
Terrorist Fighters in Europe in Almería].” [URL]
Mooijman, Marlon, Joe Hoover, Ying Lin, Heng Ji, and Morteza Dehghani. 2018. “Moralization
in Social Networks and the Emergence of Violence during Protests.” Nature Human
Behaviour 2 (6): 389–96. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Moyano, Manuel. 2011. “Factores psicosociales contribuyentes a la radicalización islamista de jóvenes en España. Construcción de un
instrumento de evaluación [Psychosocial Factors Contributing to the Islamist
Radicalization of Young People in Spain. Construction of an Evaluation
Instrument].” Granada: Universidad de Granada.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Moyano, Manuel, and Humberto Mendoza Trujillo. 2014. “Evaluación del Riesgo de Radicalización Islamista en Cuatro Contextos de Interés Estratégico para
España [Risk assessment of Islamist radicalization in four contexts of
strategic interest to Spain].” In Estudios en Inteligencia. Respuestas
para la Gobernanza Democrática, edited by F. Velasco and R. Arcos. Ministerio de la Presidencia (Gobierno de España) y Ed. Plaza y Valdés.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ortiz, Rosa. 2016. “El Puche, la Lucha contra el Estigma de Ser el Barrio Más Conflictivo [El Puche, the fight against the stigma of being the most conflictive
neighborhood].” La Voz de
Almería, January 31, 2016. [URL]
Pajarón, Javier. 2019a. “Muere en el Hospital el Varón Torturado en la Casa de El Puche [The Tortured Man in the House of El Puche dies in the Hospital].” La Voz de
Almería, May 21. [URL]
Pajarón, Javier. 2019b. “La Marihuana en Almería es una Industria, Está en Todas Partes [Marijuana in Almería is an Industry, It’s Everywhere].” La Voz de
Almería, June 25. [URL]
Pérez, R. 2019. “Vecinos de El Puche de Almería disparan con balines al conductor del camión de la
basura [Neighbors of El Puche in Almería shoot the garbage truck driver with
pellets].” ABC, July 22.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Preacher, Kristopher J., & Andrew F. Hayes. 2008. “Asymptotic
and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator
models.” Behavior research
methods 40 (3): 879–891. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ranstorp, Magnus, Linus Gustafsson, and Peder Hyllengren. 2015. “From
the Welfare State to the Caliphate: How a Swedish Suburb Became a Breeding Ground for Foreign Fighters Streaming into Syria
and Iraq.” Foreign
Policy, February 23. [URL]
Schumpe, B. M., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Mauro Giacomantonio, Claudia F. Nisa, and Ambra Brizi. 2018. “Weapons
of peace: providing alternative means for social change reduces political violence.” Journal of
Applied Social
Psychology 48 (10): 549–558. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schumpe, Birga M., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Manuel Moyano, and Claudia F. Nisa. 2018. “The
Role of Sensation Seeking in Political Violence: An Extension of the Significance Quest
Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 118 (4): 743–61. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Soufan, Ali, and Daniel Schoenfeld. 2015. “Regional
Hotbeds as Drivers of Radicalization.” In Jihadist Hotbeds:
Understanding Local Radicalization Processes, edited by Arturo Varvelli. Milano: Edizioni Epoké. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Speckhard, Anne. 2010. “Contextual
and Motivational Factors in the Pathways to Radicalization: Why Location
Matters.” In Protecting the Homeland from International and Domestic
Terrorism Threats: Current Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives on Root Causes, the Role of Ideology, and Programs for
Counter-Radicalization and Disengagement, edited by L. Fenstermacher, L. Kuznar, & A. Speckhard, 100–103. Washington, D.C.: Strategic Multilayer Assessment Program, Office of the Director, Defense Research and Engineering and Air Force Research Lab.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stares, Paul B., and Mona Yacoubian. 2006. “Unconventional
Approaches to an Unconventional Threat: A Counter-Epidemic
Strategy.” In Mapping the Jihadist Threat: The War on Terror since
9/11. A Report of the Aspen Strategy Group, edited by K. M. Campbell and W. Darsie, 85–95. Queenstown, MD: The Aspen Institute.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Swann, William B., Angel Gómez, D. Conor Seyle, J. Francisco Morales, and Carmen Huici. 2009. “Identity
Fusion: The Interplay of Personal and Social Identities in Extreme Group Behavior.” Journal of
Personality & Social
Psychology 96 (5): 995–1011. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1979. “An
Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In The Social Psychology
of Intergroup Relations, edited by William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tres Culturas. 2019. “El Puche Tres
Culturas un Solo Barrio.” [URL]
Victoroff, Jeff. 2005. “The
Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches.” Journal of Conflict
Resolution 49 (1): 3–42. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vlierden, Guy Van. 2016. “Molenbeek and beyond. The
Brussels-Antwerp Axis as Hotbed of Belgian Jihad.” In Jihadist
Hotbeds: Understanding Local Radicalization Processes, edited by Arturo Varvelli. Milano: Edizioni Epoké. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ward, Tony. 1987. “Design
Archetypes from Group Processes.” Design
Studies 8 (3): 157–69. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Webber, David, Maxim Babush, Noa Schori-Eyal, Anna Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, Malkanthi Hettiarachchi, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Manuel Moyano, et al. 2017. “The
Road to Extremism: Field and Experimental Evidence That Significance Loss-Induced Need for Closure Fosters
Radicalization.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 114 (2): 270–85. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Webber, David, and Arie W. Kruglanski. 2017. “Psychological
Factors in Radicalization: A ‘3N’ Approach.” In The Handbook of the
Criminology of Terrorism, edited by Gary LaFree and Joshua Freilic, 33–46. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Da Silva, Caroline, Nicolas Amadio, Rachel Sarg, Bruno Domingo, Sarah Tibbels & Massil Benbouriche
2023.
Preventing radicalization leading to violence: Insights from the significance quest theory and its 3N model.
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 33:3
► pp. 608 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.