References (78)
Abrahamsson, N. & Hyltenstam, K.
(2009) Age of onset and nativelikeness in a second language: Listener perception versus linguistic scrutiny. Language Learning, 59(2), 249–306. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ahmadian, M. J. & Tavakoli, M.
(2011) The effects of simultaneous use of careful online planning and task repetition on accuracy, complexity, and fluency in EFL learners’ oral production. Language Teaching Research, 15(1), 35–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M. D., Douglass, S., Lebiere, C. & Qin, Y.
(2004) An integrated theory of the mind. Psychological Review, 111(4), 1036–1060. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bosker, H. R., Pinget, A. F., Quené, H., Sanders, T. J. M. & de Jong, N. H.
(2013) What makes speech sound fluent? The contributions of pauses, speed and repairs. Language Testing, 30(2), 159–175. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bygate, M.
(2001) Effects of task repetition on the structure and control of oral language. In P. S. M. Bygate & M. Swain (Eds.), Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 23–48). Pearson Longman. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2018) Learning language through task repetition. John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bygate, M. & Samuda, V.
(2005) Integrative planning through the use of task-repetition. In R. Ellis (Ed.), Planning and task performance in a second language (pp. 37–74). John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cargile, A. C., Maeda, E., Rodriguez, J. & Rich, M.
(2010) “Oh, you speak English so well!”: US American listeners’ perceptions of “foreignness” among nonnative speakers. Journal of Asian American Studies, 13(1), 59–79. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Carlson, H. K. & McHenry, M. A.
(2006) Effect of accent and dialect on employability. Journal of Employment Counseling, 43(2), 70–83. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J.
(1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cucchiarini, C., Strik, H. & Boves, L.
(2002) Quantitative assessment of second language learners’ fluency: Comparisons between read and spontaneous speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(6), 2862–2873. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Jong, N.
(2005) Can second language grammar be learned through listening? An experimental study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 205–234. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Jong, N. H., Groenhout, R., Schoonen, R. & Hulstijn, J. H.
(2015) Second language fluency: Speaking style or proficiency? Correcting measures of second language fluency for first language behavior. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36(2), 223–243. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Jong, N. & Perfetti, C. A.
(2011) Fluency training in the ESL classroom: An experimental study of fluency development and proceduralization. Language Learning, 61(2), 533–568. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Derwing, T. M. & Munro, M. J.
(1997) Accent, intelligibility, and comprehensibility: Evidence from four L1s. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19(1), 1–16. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2005) Second language accent and pronunciation teaching: A research-based approach. TESOL Quarterly, 39(3), 379–397. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2015) Pronunciation fundamentals: Evidence-based perspectives for L2 teaching and research (Language Learning & Language Teaching, Vol. 42). John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Derwing, T., Rossiter, M., Munro, M. & Thomson, R.
(2004) Second language fluency: Judgments on different tasks. Language Learning, 54(4), 655–679. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ekmekçi, E.
(2016) Comparison of native and non-native English language teachers’ evaluation of EFL learners’ speaking skills: Conflicting or identical rating behaviour? English Language Teaching, 9(5), 98–105. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ferman, S., Olshtain, E., Schechtman, E. & Karni, A.
(2009) The acquisition of a linguistic skill by adults: Procedural and declarative memory interact in the learning of an artificial morphological rule. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22(4), 384–412. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. & Bohn, O.-S.
(2021) The revised speech learning model (SLM-r). In R. Wayland (Ed.), Second language speech learning: Theoretical and empirical progress (pp. 3–83). Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Foster, P.
(2020) Oral fluency in a second language: A research agenda for the next ten years. Language Teaching, 53(4), 446–461. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fukuta, J.
(2016) Effects of task repetition on learners’ attention orientation in L2 oral production. Language Teaching Research, 20(3), 321–340. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fulcher, G.
(2003) Testing second language speaking. Longman/Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Hanzawa, K.
(2021) Development of second language speech fluency in foreign language classrooms: A longitudinal study. Language Teaching Research, 1–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hyltenstam, K.
(2012) Critical period. In C. Chapelle (Ed.), Encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Isaacs, T. & Thomson, R.
(2013) Rater experience, rating scale length, and judgments of L2 pronunciation: Revisiting research conventions. Language Assessment Quarterly, 10(2), 135–159. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Iwashita, N., Brown, A., McNamara, T. & O’Hagan, S.
(2008) Assessed levels of second language speaking proficiency: How distinct? Applied Linguistics, 29(1), 24–49. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kahng, J.
(2014) Exploring utterance and cognitive fluency of L1 and L2 English speakers: Temporal measures and stimulated recall. Language Learning, 64(4), 809–854. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kang, O., Rubin, D. & Pickering, L.
(2010) Suprasegmental measures of accentedness and judgments of language learner proficiency in oral English. Modern Language Journal, 94(4), 554–566. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Karmilloff-Smith, A.
(1986) From meta-processes to conscious access: Evidence from children’s metalinguistic and repair data. Cognition, 23(2), 95–147. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Koponen, M. & Riggenbach, H.
(2000) Overview: Varying perspectives on fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 5–24). University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kormos, J.
(2006) Speech production and second language acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kormos, J. & Dénes, M.
(2004) Exploring measures and perceptions of fluency in the speech of second language learners. System 32(2), 145–164. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lambert, C., Kormos, J. & Minn, D.
(2017) Task repetition and second language speech processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(1), 167–196. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lennon, P.
(1990) Investigating fluency in EFL: a quantitative approach. Language Learning, 40(3), 387–417. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2000) The lexical element in spoken second language fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 25–42). University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lindeman, S. & Subtirelu, N.
(2013) Reliably biased: The role of listener expectation in the perception of second language speech. Language Learning, 63(3), 567–594. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M.
(1995) Foreign accent, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language Learning, 45(1), 73–97. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nattinger, R. & DeCarrico, S.
(1992) Lexical phrases and language teaching. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Noor, S. N. F. M.
(2017) The representation of social actors in the graduate employability issue: Online news and the government document. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 5(1), 82–93. [URL]
Prefontaine, Y., Kormos, J. & Johnson, D. E.
(2016) How do utterance measures predict raters’ perceptions of fluency in French as a second language? Language Testing, 331, 53–73. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reithofer, K.
(2020) Intelligibility in English as a lingua franca – The interpreters’ perspective. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 9(2), 173–193. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Révész, A., Ekiert, M. & Torgersen, E. N.
(2016) The effects of complexity, accuracy, and fluency on communicative adequacy in oral task performance. Applied Linguistics, 37(6), 828–848. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Richards, O.
(2016) English short stories for intermediate learners. Olly Richards Publishing.Google Scholar
Rose, H.
(2020) Language variation and intelligibility [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas. [URL]
Rossiter, M.
(2009) Perceptions of L2 fluency by native and non-native speakers of English. Canadian Modern Language Review, 65(3), 395–412. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saito, K.
(2021) What characterizes comprehensible and native-like pronunciation among English-as-a-second-language speakers? Meta-analyses of phonological, rater, and instructional factors. TESOL Quarterly, 55(3), 866–900. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saito, K., & Akiyama, Y.
(2017) Linguistic correlates of comprehensibility in second language Japanese speech. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, 3(2), 199–217. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saito, K. & Plonsky, L.
(2019) Effects of second language pronunciation teaching revisited: A proposed measurement framework and meta-analysis. Language Learning, 69(3), 652–708. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saito, K., Suzuki, S., & Oyama, T., & Akiyama, Y.
(2020) How does longitudinal interaction differentially promote experienced vs. inexperienced learners’ L2 speech learning? Second Language Research, 37(4), 547–571. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, R.
(1994) Deconstructing consciousness in search of useful definitions for applied linguistics. AILA Review, 111, 11–26. [URL]
Segalowitz, N.
(2010) Cognitive bases of second language fluency. Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Seifoori, Z. & Vahidi, V.
(2012) The impact of fluency strategy training on Iranian EFL learners’ speech under online planning conditions, Language Awareness, 21(1–2), 101–112. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Setton, R. & Dawrant, A.
Skehan, P.
(2009) Modelling second language performance: Integrating complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexis. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 510–532. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2014) Limited attentional capacity, second language performance, and task-based pedagogy. In P. Skehan (Ed.), Processing perspectives on task performance (pp. 211–260). John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2015) Limited attention capacity and cognition: Two hypotheses regarding second language performance on tasks. In M. Bygate (Ed.), Domains and directions in the development of TBLT: A decade of plenaries from the international conference (pp. 123–156). John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Skehan, P., & Foster, P.
(1999) The influence of task structure and processing conditions on narrative retellings. Language Learning, 49(1), 93–120. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, Y.
(2020) Optimizing fluency training for speaking skills transfer: Comparing the effects of blocked and interleaved task repetition. Language Learning, 71(2), 285–320. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tavakoli, P. & Hunter, A.-M.
(2018) Is fluency being ‘neglected’ in the classroom? Teacher understanding of fluency and related classroom practices. Language Teaching Research, 22(3), 330–349. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thai, C. & Boers, F.
(2016) Repeating a monologue under increasing time pressure: Effects on fluency, complexity, and accuracy. TESOL Quarterly, 50(2), 369–393. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thomson, R. I.
(2015) Fluency. In M. Reed & J. Levis (Eds.), The handbook of English pronunciation (pp. 209–226). John Wiley & Sons. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yenkimaleki, M.
(2017) Effect of prosody awareness training on the quality of consecutive interpreting between English and Farsi. LOT. [URL]
Yenkimaleki, M. & van Heuven, V. J.
(2016) Effect of explicit teaching of prosodic features on the development of listening comprehension by Farsi-English interpreter trainees: An experimental study. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(6), 32–41. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2018) The effect of teaching prosody teaching on interpreting performance: An experimental study of consecutive interpreting from English into Farsi. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 26(1), 84–99. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2019) The relative contribution of computer assisted prosody training vs. instructor based prosody teaching in developing speaking skills by interpreter trainees: An experimental study. Speech Communication, 1071, 48–57. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2021) Effects of attention to segmental vs. suprasegmental features on the speech intelligibility and comprehensibility of the EFL learners targeting the perception or production-focused practice. System, 1001, 1–12. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2022) The efficacy of segmental/suprasegmental vs. holistic pronunciation instruction on the development of listening comprehension skills by EFL learners. The Language Learning Journal, 51(6), 734–748. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2023) Effect of pedagogic intervention in enhancing speech fluency by EFL students: A longitudinal study. Language Teaching Research, 1–24. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yenkimaleki, M., van Heuven, V. J. & Hosseini, M.
(2023) The effect of fluency strategy training on interpreter trainees’ speech fluency: Does content familiarity matter? Speech Communication, 1461, 1–10. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yu, W. & van Heuven, V. J.
(2013) Effects of immediate repetition at different stages of consecutive interpreting training. An experimental study. In S. Aalberse & A. Auer (Eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 (pp. 201–213). John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2017) Predicting judged fluency of consecutive interpreting from acoustic measures: Potential for automatic assessment and pedagogy. Interpreting: International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting, 19(1), 47–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2021) Quantitative correlates as predictors of judged fluency in consecutive interpreting: Implications for automatic assessment and pedagogy. In Jing Chen & Chao Han (Eds.), Testing and assessment of interpreting (pp. 117–142). Springer Nature. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yuan, F. & Ellis, R.
(2003) The effects of pre-task planning and on-line planning on fluency, complexity and accuracy in L2 monologic oral production. Applied Linguistics, 24(1), 1–27. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., & Elder, C.
(2014) Investigating native and non-native English-speaking teacher raters’ judgements of oral proficiency in the college English test-spoken English test (CET-SET). Assessment in education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 21(3), 306–325. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zielinski, B.
(2006) The intelligibility cocktail: An interaction between speaker and listener ingredients. Prospect, 211, 22–45. [URL]