“Toned-up” Spanish
Stress → pitch → tone(?) in Equatorial Guinea
In Equatorial Guinea Spanish is in contact with lexical tone languages of the Bantu family. The present study, based on field data, compares naturalistic Guinean Spanish with the Spanish of from Madrid, the dialect zone that served as primary input for the formation of Guinean Spanish. A preliminary analysis reveals partial convergence of a pitch accent system and lexically specified phonological tones. Guinean Spanish maintains one stress per word culminativity but expands obligatoriness by realizing a pitch accent on every syllable lexically marked for stress. The rate at which pitch accents occur is compared with the distribution of High tones in the two most prominent Guinean languages (Bubi and Fang), and it is suggested that Guineans’ incomplete suppression of natively acquired F0 patterns may be facilitated by the metrical structure of Spanish, which provides for regularly occurring pitch accents whose maximum potential density is similar to that of H tones in Bubi and Fang.
References
Amayo, Airẹn
1980 “
Tone in Nigerian English.”
Chicago Linguistic Society 16: 1-9.

Bagshaw, Paul
1993 “
An Investigation of Acoustic Events Related to Sentential Stress and Pitch Accents in English.”
Speech Communication 13: 333-342.


Barnes, Jonathan, Nanette Veilleux, Alejna Brugos, and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
2010 “
Tonal Center of Gravity: A Global Approach to Tonal Implementation in a Level-based Intonational Phonology.”
Journal of Laboratory Phonology 3: 337-383.

Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo
1980 Estudios lingüísticos. Mérida: Fondo Editorial de Yucatán.

Beckman, Mary, Manuel Díaz-Campos, Julia Tevis McGory, and Terrell Morgan
2002 “
Intonation across Spanish, in the Tones and Break Indices Framework.”
Probus 14: 9-36.


Bibang Oyee, Julián-B
2002 El español guineano: interferencias, guineanismo. Malabo: n.p.

Bullock, Barbara
2009 “
Prosody in Contact in French: A Case Study from a Heritage Variety in the USA.”
International Journal of Bilingualism 13: 165-194.


Castillo Barril, Manuel
1966 La influencia de las lenguas nativas en el español de la Guinea Ecuatorial. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

Chen, Charles, Jr., and Ching-Pong Au
2004 “
Tone assignment in second language prosodic learning.” Paper presented at Speech Prosody 2004, Nara, Japan (
[URL])
Colantoni, Laura, and Jorge Gurlekian
2004 “
Convergence and Intonation: Historical Evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish.”
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7(2): 107-119.


Connell, Bruce
2002 “
Tone Languages and the Universality of Intrinsic F0: Evidence from Africa.”
Journal of Phonetics 30: 101-129.


Connell, Bruce, and D. Robert Ladd
1990 “
Aspects of Pitch Realisation in Yoruba.”
Phonology 7: 1-29.


D’Alessandro, Christophe, and Piet Mertens
1995 “
Automatic Pitch Contour Stylization Using a Model of Tonal Perception.”
Computer Speech and Language 9: 257-288.


Deterding, David
1994 “
The Intonation of Singapore English.”
Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24: 61-72.


D’Imperio, Mariapaola
2001 “
Focus and Tonal Structure in Neapolitan Italian.”
Speech Communication 33: 339-356.


Eady, Stephen
1982 “
Differences in the F0 Patterns of Speech: Tone Language versus Stress Language.”
Language and Speech 25: 29-42.

Elordieta, Gorka
2003 “
The Spanish Intonation of Speakers of a Basque Pitch-accent Dialect.”
Catalan Journal of Linguistics 2: 67-95.

Elordieta, Gorka, and Nagore Calleja
2005 “
Microvariation in Accentual Alignment in Basque Spanish.”
Language and Speech 48: 397-439.


Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva, and Pilar Prieto
2008 “
La notación prosódica del español: una revisión del Sp_ToBI.”
Estudios de Fonética Experimental 17: 265-283.

Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva, and Pilar Prieto
2010 “
Castilian Spanish Intonation.”
Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language: 17-48.

Face, Timothy
2001 “
Focus and Early Peak Alignment in Spanish Intonation.”
Probus 13: 223-246.


Face, Timothy
2002a “
Local Intonational Marking of Spanish Contrastive Focus.”
Probus 14: 71-92.


Face, Timothy
2002b “
Spanish Evidence for Pitch-accent Structure.”
Linguistics 40: 319-345.


Face, Timothy
2002c “
When Push Comes to Shove: Tonal Crowding in Madrid Spanish.”
The Linguistic Association of Korean Journal 10: 77-100.

Face, Timothy
2003 “
Intonation in Spanish Declaratives: Differences between Lab Speech and Spontaneous Speech.”
Catalan Journal of Linguistics 2: 115-131.

Face, Timothy, and Pilar Prieto
2007 “
Rising Accents in Castilian Spanish: A Revision of Sp_ToBI.”
Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 5(2): 1-32.

Gandour, Jackson
2007 “
Neutral Substrates Underlying the Perception of Linguistic Prosody.” In
Tones and Tunes Volume 2: Experimental Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, ed. by
Carlos Gussenhoven, and
Tomas Riad, 3-25. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.


Gauthier, Bruno, Rushen Shi, and Yi Xu
2007 “
Learning Phonetic Categories by Tracking Movements.”
Cognition 103: 80-106.


Gut, Ulrike, and Jan-Torsten Milde
2002 “
The Prosody of Nigerian English.” In
Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002 Conference, ed. by
Bernard Bel, and
Isabel Marlien, 367–70. Aix-en-Provence: Laboratoire Parole et Langage.

Harris, James
1983 Syllable Structure and Stress in Spanish. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Harrison, Phil
2000 “
Acquiring the Phonology of Lexical Tone in Infancy.”
Lingua 110: 581–616.


Herman, Rebecca
1996 “
Final Lowering in Kipare.”
Phonology 13: 171-196.


Hermes, Dik
2006 “
Stylization of Pitch Contours.” In
Methods in Empirical Prosody Research, ed. by
Stefan Sudhoff,
Denisa Lenertová,
Roland Meyer,
Sandra Pappert,
Petra Augurzky,
Ina Mleinek,
Nicole Richter, and
Johannes Schließer., 29-61. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.


Hualde, José Ignacio, and Armin Schwegler
Hyman, Larry
2006 “
Word-prosodic Typology.”
Phonology 23: 225-257.


Hyman, Larry
2009 “
How (Not) to Do Phonology: The Case of Pitch Accent.”
Language Sciences 31: 213-238.


Kenstowicz, Michael
2006 “
Tone Loans: The Adaptation of English Loanwords into Yoruba.” In
Selected Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by
John Mugane,
et al., 136-146. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.

Levi, Susannah
2002 “
Limitations on Tonal Crowding in Turkish Intonation.” Proceedings of 9
th International Phonology Conference.
Liberman, Mark, J. Michael Schultz, Soonhyun Hong, and Vincent Okeke
1993 “
The Phonetic Interpretation of Tone in Igbo.”
Phonetica 50: 147-160.


Lipski, John
1985 The Spanish of Equatorial Guinea. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.


Lipski, John
1990 El español de Malabo: procesos fonéticos/fonológicos e implicaciones dialectológicas. Madrid/Malabo: Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano.

Lipski, John
2000 “
The Spanish of Equatorial Guinea: Research on La Hispanidad's Best-kept Secret.”
Afro-Hispanic Review 19: 11-38.

Lipski, John
“
2004 The Spanish of Equatorial Guinea.” Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studie/s 8: 115-130.


Lipski, John
2005 A History of Afro-Hispanic Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Lipski, John
2008 “
El español de Guinea Ecuatorial en el contexto del español mundial.” In
La situación actual del español en África, ed. by
Gloria Nistal Rosique, and
Guillermo Pié Jahn, 79-117. Madrid: Casa de África/SIAL.

Lipski, John
2014 “
The Many Facets of Spanish Dialect Diversification in Latin America.” In
Iberian Imperialism and Language Evolution in Latin America, ed. by
Salikoko Mufwene, 38-75. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


Llisteri, Joaquim, María Jesús Machuca, Carme de la Mota, Montserrat Riera, and Antonio Ríos
2002 “
The Role of F0 Peaks in the Identification of Lexical Stress in Spanish.” In
Phonetics and its Applications: Festschrift for Jens-Peter Köster on the Occasion of his 60th birthday, ed. by
Angelika Braun, and
Herbert Masthoff, 350-361. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.

Llisteri, Joaquim, María Jesús Machuca, Carme de la Mota, Montserrat Riera, and Antonio Ríos
2003 “
The Perception of Lexical Stress in Spanish.” In
Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, ed. by
Maria Josep Solé,
Daniel Recasens, and
Joaquín Romero, 2023-2026. Barcelona: Causal Productions.

Malmberg, Bertil
1950 Etudes sur la phonétique de l'espagnol parlé en Argentine. Lund: Alf Lombard.

Mattock, Karen, and Denis Burnham
2006 “
Chinese and English Infants’ Tone Perception: Evidence for Perceptual Reorganization.”
Infancy 10: 241-265.


Maye, Jessica, Janet Werker, and LouAnn Gerken
2002 “
Infant Sensitivity to Distributional Information Can Affect Phonetic Discrimination.”
Cognition 82: B101-B111.


McGory, Julia Tevis, and Manuel Díaz-Campos
2002 “
Declarative Intonation Patterns in Multiple Varieties of Spanish.” In
Structure, Meaning, and Acquisition of Spanish: Papers from the 4
th
Hispanic Linguistics Symposium
, ed. by
James F. Lee,
Kimberly L. Geeslin, and
J. Clancy Clements, 73-92. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Megenney, William
1982 “
Elementos subsaháricos en el español dominicano.”
El español del Caribe, ed. by
Orlando Alba, 183‑201. Santiago de los Caballeros: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra.

Michnowicz, Jim, and Hillary Barnes
2013 “
A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Pre-nuclear Peak Alignment in Yucatan Spanish.” In
Selected Proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, ed. by
Chad Howe,
Sarah Blackwell, and
Margaret Lubbers Quesada, 221-235. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
[URL], document #2887.

Morton, Thomas
2005 Sociolinguistic variation and language change in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Myers, Scott
1998 “
Underspecification of Tone in Chichewa.”
Phonology 15: 367-391.


Odden, David
1999 “
Typological Issues in Tone and Stress in Bantu.” In
Proceedings of the Symposium Cross-linguistic Studies of Tonal Phenomena Tonogenesis, Typology, and Related Topics, ed. by
Shigeki Kaji, 187-215. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.

Ọdẹ́lọbí, Ọdẹ́tunjí Àjàdí
2008 “
Recognition of Tones in Yorùbá Speech: Experiments with Artificial Neural Networks.”
Speech, Audio, Image and Biomedical Signal Processing Using Neural Networks, ed. by
Bhanu Prasad and
S.R.M. Prasanna, 23-47. Berlin: Springer.


O’Rourke, Erin
2005 Intonation and Language Contact: A Case Study of Two Varieties of Peruvian Spanish. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Ortega-Llebaria, Marta
2006 “
Phonetic Cues to Stress and Accent in Spanish.” In
Selected Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonetics and Phonology, ed. by
Manuel Díaz-Campos, 104-118. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
[URL], document #1329.

Ortega-Llebaria, Marta, and Pilar Prieto
Ortega-Llebaria, Marta, Pilar Prieto, and María del Mar Vanrell
2007 “
Perceptual Evidence for Direct Acoustic Correlates of Stress in Spanish.”
Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 1121-1124.

Prieto, Pilar
1998 “
The Scaling of the L Tone Line in Spanish Downstepping Contours.”
Journal of Phonetics 26: 261-282.


Prieto, Pilar, Mariapaola D’Imperio, Gorka Elordieta, Sónia Frota, and Marina Vigário
2006 “
Evidence for Soft Preplanning in Tonal Production: Initial Scaling in Romance.”
Proceedings of Speech Prosody
2006, 803-896.
Prieto, Pilar, and Paolo Roseano
(eds,)
2010 Transcription of intonation of the Spanish language. München: Lincom Europa.

Prieto, Pilar, and Chilin Shih
1995 “
Effects of Tonal Clash on Downstepped H* Accents in Spanish.”
Proceedings of EUROSPEECH’95 Fourth EUropean Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Vol. 2, pp. 1307-1310).

Prieto, Pilar, Chilin Shih, and Holly Nibert
1996 “
Pitch downtrend in Spanish.”
Journal of Phonetics 24: 445-473.


Prieto, Pilar, Jan van Santen, and Julia Hirschberg
1995 “
Tonal Alignment Patterns in Spanish.”
Journal of Phonetics 23: 429-451.


Qian, Yao, Tan Lee, and Frank K. Soong
2007 “
Tone Recognition in Continuous Cantonese Speech Using Supratone Models.”
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121: 2936–2945


Quilis, Antonio, and Celia Casado-Fresnillo
1995 La lengua española en Guinea Ecuatorial. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia.

Saffran, Jenny, Elizabeth Johnson, Richard Aslin, and Elissa Newport
1999 “
Statistical Learning of Tone Sequences by Human Infants and Adults.”
Cognition 70: 27–52.


Scheffers, Michael T.M
1988 “
Automatic Stylization of F0 Contours.” In
Proceedings of Speech ’88, ed. by
W.A. Ainsworth, and
J.N. Holmes, 981-987. Edinburgh: Institute of Acoustics.

Simonet, Miquel
2008 Language Contact in Majorca: An Experimental Sociophonetic Approach. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Simonet, Miquel
2010 “
A Contrastive Study of Catalan and Spanish Declarative Intonation: Focus on Majorcan Dialects.”
Probus 22: 117-148.


Simonet, Miquel
2011 “
Intonational Convergence in Language Contact: Utterance-final F0 Contours in Catalan-Spanish Early Bilinguals.”
Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41: 157-184.


Sosa, Juan
1999 La entonación del español. Madrid: Cátedra

Suárez, Víctor
1980 El español que se habla en Yucatán. Mérida: Universidad de Yucatán.

Taylor, Paul
1992 “
The Rise/Fall/Connection Model of Intonation.”
Speech Communication 15: 169-186.


Taylor, Paul
2000 “
Analysis and Synthesis of Intonation Using the Tilt Model.”
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107.1697-1714.


Wee, Lian-Hee
2008 “
Phonological Patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong.”
World Englishes 27: 580-501.


Xu, Yi
Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of f0 contours.”
Journal of Phonetics 27: 55-105.

Xu, Yi, Szu-wei Chen, and Bei Wang
2012 “
Prosodic Focus with and without Post-focus Compression: A Typological Divide within the Same Language family?”
The Linguistic Review 29: 131-147.


Yeung, H. Henry, Ke Heng Chen, and Janet Werker
2013 “
When Does Native Language Input Affect Phonetic Perception? The Precocious Case of Lexical Tone.”
Journal of Memory and Language 68: 123-139.


Yip, Moira
2002 Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Yu, Kristine
2010 “
Representational Maps from the Speech Signal to Phonological Categories: A Case Study with Lexical Tones.”
UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics 15: 1-30.


Zamuner, Tania, LouAnn Gerken, and Michael Hammond
2005 “
The Acquisition of Phonology Based on Input: A Closer Look at the Relation of Cross-linguistic and Child Language data.”
Lingua 115: 1403-1426.


Zerbian, Sabine, Susanne Genzel, and Frank Kügler
2010 “
Experimental Work on Prosodically-marked Information Structure in Selected African Languages (Afroasiatic and Niger-Congo).”
Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2010, 1-4.

Zhang, Jinsong, and Keikichi Hirose
2004 “
Tone nucleus modeling for Chinese lexical tone recognition.”
Speech Communication 42: 447–466.


Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.