Stress assignment in Makkan Arabic
A stratal-ot analysis
This paper examines stress assignment in Makkan Arabic. It investigates the different transparent stress patterns, morphologically conditioned stress, and opaque stress patterns. Various phonological processes in Makkan operate at different levels – lexical and post-lexical. Stress assignment is a cyclic process that takes place only at the lexical level. However, it gets assigned twice: once at the stem level, and another time at the word level. Makkan observes a 3-syllable window when stress is assigned. Heavy syllables attract stress, with end rule right. Makkan also exhibits some cases of opaque stress, where stress appears in unexpected positions. Opacity of stress is evident at the phrasal level after the application of postlexical level phonological processes such as syncope and initial epenthesis. Morphologically conditioned stress is also evident in Makkan where the feminine subject marker /-at/ ‘she’ is lexically stressed. The assumption of different strata is particularly important in accounting for both syncope and initial epenthesis where stress assignment precedes both of these processes. The paper lends evidence to the superiority of a stratal-ot analysis to that of parallel-ot in Makkan Arabic stress assignment.
References (55)
Abu Mansour, M. H.
(
1987)
A Nonlinear Analysis of Arabic Syllabic Phonology, With Special Reference to Makkan. University of Florida: Ph.D Dissertation.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Abu Mansour, M. H.
(
1995)
Optimality and conspiracy in the syllable structure of Arabic. In
Papers in Optimality Theory
,
J. Beckman,
L. Walsh Dicky &
S. Urbanzyk (Eds.), 1–20. Amherst, Massachusetts: GLSA Publications.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Abu Mansour, M. H.
(
2011)
Phrasal Syncope: The Phonology/Syntax Interface. In
Perspectives On Arabic Linguistics XXII-XXIII
,
E. Broselow &
H. Ouali (Eds.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Abu Salim, I.
(
1982)
A reanalysis of some aspects of Arabic phonology: A metrical approach. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Ph.D. Dissertation.
Adra, M. A.
(
1999)
Identity Effects and Opacity in Syrian Arabic: An Optimality Theory analysis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Ph.D. Dissertation.
Al-Ageli, H. M.
(
1996)
Syllabic and Metrical Structure in Tripolitanian Arabic: A Comparative Study in Standard and Optimality Theory. Uiversity of Essex, United Kingdom: Ph.D. Dissertation.
Bakalla, M.
(
1979)
The morphological and phonological components of the Arabic verb (Meccan Arabic
). Lebanon: Longman.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Benua, L.
(
1995)
Identity effects in morphological truncation. In
Papers in Optimality Theory 18
,
J. Beckman,
L. Walsh., &
S. Urbanczyk (Eds.), pp. 77–136.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brame, M.
(
1970)
Arabic phonology: Implications for phonological theory and historical Semitic. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge: Ph.D. Dissertation.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brame, M.
(
1974)
The cycle in phonology: Stress in Palestinian, Maltese, and Spanish.
Linguistic Inquiry
5: 39–60.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Broselow, E., S. I. Chen, & M. Huffman
(
1997)
Syllable Weight: convergence of phonology and phonetics.
Phonology
14. 47–82.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cantineau, J.
(
1939)
Remarquessur les parler de sédentaires syro-libano-palestiniens.
Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris
40:80–88.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dresher, E. & A. Lehiri
(
1991)
The Germanic foot: metrical coherence in Old English.
Linguistic Inquiry
22. 251–86.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Farwaneh, S.
(
1995)
Directionality Effects in Arabic Dialect Syllable Structure. University of Utah: Ph.D. Dissertation.
Gouskova, M.
(
2003)
Deriving Economy: Syncope in Optimality Theory. University of Massachusetts, Amherst: Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers Optimality Archive-6.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haddad, G.
(
1983)
Problems and issues in the phonology of Lebanese Arabic. Urbana: University of Illinois Ph.D. Dissertation.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hayes, B.
(
1995)
Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies
. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hayes, B.
(
1989)
Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology.
Linguistic Inquiry
20:253–306.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hung, H. J.
(
1994)
Iambicity, Rhythm, and Weak Parsing. University of Maryland: Ph.D. Dissertation.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hyman, J.
(
1985)
A Theory of Phonological Weight. Foris: Dordrecht.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ingham, B.
(
1971)
Some characteristics of Meccan speech.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
34: 273–297.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kabrah, R. S.
(
2004)
Transparency and Opacity in the Phonology of Makkan Arabic- A Stratal-OT Theoretic Approach. Boston University, Boston: Ph.D. Dissertation.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kabrah, R. S. (Forthcoming)
Low-Level Phonetic Rules in Makkan Arabic.
Kager, R.
(
1999a)
Optimality Theory
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kager, R.
(
1999b)
Surface opacity of metrical structure in Optimality Theory. Rutgers Optimality Archive 207.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kenstowicz, M.
(
1980)
Notes on Cairene Arabic syncope.
Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
10:39–54.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kenstowicz, M. & Abdul-karim
(
1980)
Cyclic stress in Levantine Arabic.
Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
10: 55–76.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kenstowicz, M.
(
1994)
Phonology in generative grammar
. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kenstowicz, M.
(
1995)
Cyclic vs. non-cyclic constraint evaluation.
Phonology
12, 397–436.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kenstowicz, M.
(
1996)
Base-identity and uniform exponence: alternatives to cyclicity. In
Current Trends in Phonology:Models and methods
,
J. Durand &
B. Laks (Eds.) 363–393. Paris-X and Salford: University of Salford Publications.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kiparsky, P.
To appear).
Paradigm Effects and Opacity
. Stanford, CA: CSLI.
Kiparsky, P.
(
2003)
Syllables and Moras in Arabic. In
The Syllable in Optimality Theory
,
C. Féry &
R. van de Vijer (Eds.), 147–182. New York: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kiparsky, P.
(
2001)
Stems and Words: Stratal or Parallel OT. Handout. Talk given at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology colloquia.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kiparsky, P.
(
2000)
Opacity and cyclicity.
The Linguistic Review
17 (2000), 351–365.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kirchner, R.
(
1996)
Synchronic chain shifts in Optimality Theory.
Linguistic Inquiry
27:341–350.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Liberman, M. & Prince, A.
(
1977)
On stress and linguistic rhythm.
Linguistic Inquiry
8: 249–336.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCarthy, J.
(
1979)
Formal problems in Semitic phonology and morphology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Ph.D. Dissertation.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCarthy, J.
(
1981)
A prosodic theory of nonconcatenative morphology.
Linguistic Inquiry
12: 373–418.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCarthy, J.
(
1999)
Sympathy and phonological opacity.
Phonology
16, 331–99.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCarthy, J., & Prince A.
(
1986)
Prosodic Morphology 1986. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science. Version of 1996.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCarthy, J. & Prince, A.
(
1990)
Prosodic morphology and templatic morphology. In
Perspectives in Arabic Linguistics II
: Papers from the second Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics,
M. Eid &
J. McCarthy (Eds.), 1–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
McCarthy, J.
and
Prince, A. (
1993)
Prosodic Morphology I: Constraint interactions and satisfaction
:
Rutgers Technical Report TR-3.New Brunswick: Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCarthy, J. & Prince, A.
1995 Faithfulness and Reduplicative Identity. In
University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18
,
J. Beckman,
L. Walsh Dickey &
S. Urbanczyk (Eds.), 249–384. Amherst, Massachusetts: GLSA Publications.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Morén, B.
(
1999)
Distinctiveness, Coercion and Sonority : A Unified Theory of Weight. University of Maryland: Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers Optimality Archive.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Morén, B.
(
2000)
The puzzle of Kashmiri stress: implication for weight theory.
Phonology
17. 365–396.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pater, J.
(
2000)
Non-uniformity in English secondary stress: the role of ranked and lexically specified constraints.
Phonology
2, 17: 237–274.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Prince, A.
(
1983)
Relating to the grid.
Linguistic Inquiry
14, vol 1,19–100.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Prince, A.
(
1990)
Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. In
Parasession on the Syllable in Phonetics and Phonology
,
M. Ziolkowski,
M. Noske &
K. Deaton (Eds.), 355–398. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Prince, A. & Smolensky, P.
(
1993/2002)
Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University for Cognitive Science. Rutgers Optimality Archive-537.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rice, C.
(
1996)
Apparent exceptional penultimate stress in English.
Nordlyd
24. 157–167.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vijer, R.
(
1996)
Variation on the Arabic theme
. In
Stress Patterns of the World. Part I: Background
,
R. Goedemans.,
H. van der Hulst &
E. Visch (Eds.), 165–200. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Watson, J. C. E.
(
2002)
The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
. New York: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wiltshire, C.
(
1998)
Extending ALIGN constraints to new domains.
Linguistics
36, 423–67.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zec, D.
(
1988)
Sonority constraints on prosodic structure. Stanford University, Stanford, California: Ph.D, Dissertation.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (1)
Cited by 1 other publications
Alzaidi, Muhammad Swaileh
2022.
Makkan Arabic does not have post-focus compression: a production and perception study.
Phonetica 79:3
► pp. 247 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.