Index

• accuracy 2–8, 12–13, 57, 60, 138–142, 144–147, 151–154, 160, 169, 182–188, 190–192, 194–199, 201–203, 209–216, 224–234, 239, 242, 245–246, 250–251, 254–256, 258, 260, 262–263

• ACTFL 56, 58, 61

• adverbial clause 63–64, 66–67, 69–70, 71, 73, 83, 85, 90, 94–95, 97–99, 102–107, 223, 244, 251–252, 256, 258, 262

• article errors 141, 143, 147, 150–153, 219, 221–222

• association measures 116, 122–123, 184–185, 201

• attributive constructions 251, 254

• Bulgarian learners 85, 283, 288, 291

• Cambridge Learner Corpus (CLC) 164, 166, 168, 170–172, 176

• CEFR 29–30, 34, 38, 56–58, 116, 126, 137–138, 140–142, 152–154, 175, 198, 217, 233, 244, 299, 304, 306, 320

• Chinese learners 54, 85, 184, 188, 190, 192, 195–196, 201

• clause scope33

• clause types 82–86, 90, 93–96, 98–109

• clustering 23, 31, 37, 49, 226, 254

• Cognition Hypothesis 242, 246

• collocation 116–119, 122, 126–130, 132, 157, 182–185, 187, 193, 198, 201–202, 204

• comparative clause 93–95, 100

• complexity 3–9, 21–26, 28, 32, 37–39, 51–56, 58–60, 63–66, 68–69, 71–72, 74–75, 81–86, 89–91, 105–108, 115–120, 122–123, 127, 130–133, 209–216, 222–234, 241–246, 251–253, 255–263, 268–270

• complexity measures/metrics/indices 22, 24–26, 32, 37–39, 45, 56, 58, 60, 63, 68–69, 71–72, 83, 85–86, 89, 108, 213, 218, 222–23, 226–227, 229–231, 244, 262–263, 268–270

• compound conjunction64

• computer-aided error analysis 139, 159, 183, 218

• Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis 9, 274, 294

• coordinate clause 64, 67–71, 73

• coordination 5, 53–56, 60, 63–64, 73, 82–83, 85, 216, 223–224, 229–231, 244, 250, 256, 258, 262

• criterial features 8–9, 22, 57, 137–138, 152, 175, 291

• cross-linguistic influence 85–86, 88, 96, 103, 107–109

• Czech learners 142, 150, 303, 310

• DeltaP 185, 188, 193, 198

• discourse markers 274–277, 279–280, 287, 289, 291–293, 308–309, 313–314

• diversification 82, 84, 106–107, 185

• diversity 4, 22–25, 27–28, 30, 32, 35–38, 45–48, 53, 60, 74, 81, 84, 94, 99, 102, 106–109, 115–117, 119, 123–124, 126, 130–133

• Dynamic Systems Theory 210, 213

• -ed-clause94

• error analysis 2, 139–140, 153, 159, 183, 211, 218

• error annotation 140, 143, 159–164, 166–169, 174, 177, 188, 246

• error taxonomies 160–164, 174, 176–177

• errors 2, 5, 138–154, 159–177, 182–184, 186, 188–192, 194–203, 211–212, 216–222, 226–230, 240, 243, 245–246, 249–251, 253–263, 268–271

• filled pauses 275–276, 280, 282, 285–286, 292–293, 308

• first language (L1) influence 82, 85–86, 90, 103–104, 107–109

• fluency 2–8, 13–14, 139, 182, 209–210, 273–276, 279–280, 291–294, 299–300, 304–306, 319–320

• French learners 85–86, 184

• French, learners of 84, 117, 184, 302

• German learners 85–86, 106, 108, 141, 175, 277, 283, 290–291, 302, 310

• German, learners of 55, 85

• gerund clause 63, 66–71, 73, 87

• grammatical accuracy 13, 137–138, 140–141, 147, 151–152, 209, 211–212, 216–218, 224–228, 230–234, 239

• grammatical errors 146–147, 151–153, 161, 166, 170–171, 176, 189–190, 196–197, 200, 202–203, 212, 218–219

• homogeneity of metrics 21, 23, 32–33, 37

• ICLE (International Corpus of Learner English) 151, 164–166, 168, 171, 176, 216–217

• individual differences 52, 81–82, 85–86, 96, 108–109, 194, 305, 319

• individual variation 81–82, 85, 90–91, 107, 299, 320

• infinitive clause 63–64, 67–68, 70, 73, 86, 90, 94–95, 98–100, 102–104, 106–108

• -ing-clause 86–88, 90, 94–95, 98–100, 102–106, 107–109

• interactional dynamics209

• interlanguage fluency 299–300

• Italian learners 86, 126–130

• Italian, learners of 160, 184, 186, 194–203

• Japanese learners 118, 283, 288, 291, 312

• L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer 28, 212, 244

• language production 4, 6, 56

• learning context variables 275, 293

• lexical accuracy169

• lexical complexity 7, 22, 24–26, 46–48, 117, 231

• lexical diversity 10, 21–25, 28, 30, 32, 37–38

• lexical errors 146, 161–165, 167, 169, 173–176, 189–190, 196–197, 199–202

• LINDSEI (Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage) 140–142, 277, 291, 306

• linguistic complexity 3, 23–24, 38, 51, 115–116, 216, 241–242

• linguistic scopes 22–23, 35–36, 45

• logDice 187, 193–194, 198–200

• longitudinal 60–61, 89, 91–92, 142, 168, 182–185, 188, 192, 215

• mixed-effect models 123–126, 192–193

• multidimensional scaling224

• multivariate regression 280, 283–290

• nesting depth 63, 66–70

• nominalization 53–55

• Norwegian (L1) 87–89, 93, 103–109, 306–307, 309–320

• Norwegian learners 89–92, 306–307, 309–320

• participle clause 68–70, 86–88, 103, 105

• phraseological complexity 4, 115–119, 130–133

• phraseological diversity 116–117, 124, 126, 131–133

• phraseological errors 182–184, 196, 200–202

• phraseological sophistication 116–118, 123–128, 132–133

• Poisson regression256

• potential occasion analysis218

• present participle clause 87–88

• proficiency 5–9, 22–23, 34–36, 37–39, 53–58, 66, 68–75, 118, 120–121, 123–129, 138, 141, 144, 146–149, 151–153, 160, 184, 191, 194–195, 197–198, 217–218, 226–228, 230, 232–234, 244–245, 249, 251, 260, 291, 299

• pseudo-longitudinal92

• readability 21–23, 26–28, 30, 32, 37, 45–48

• relative clause 64, 70–71, 73, 83–85, 88–90, 93–95, 101–102, 105, 251

• repeats 139, 274, 280, 288–289, 291–293, 300–320

• repetitions 28, 35–36, 301–305, 308

• Russian learners 249, 251, 260–261

• Russian, learners of 52–53, 58–62, 73

• scope taxonomy 27, 32, 37, 45

• sentence length 27, 63–64, 66–72

• sentence scope 28, 33

• Spanish learners 86, 120–121, 124–126, 129–130, 141, 217–218, 283, 288, 291

• speaking styles 316, 318–319

• spoken language 83–84, 88, 153, 278

• spoken learner language 118, 138–141, 273–274

• stay abroad 283, 293–294

• structure complexity 3, 23

• subordinate clause 55, 63–64, 66–67, 70, 73–74, 82–84, 89–90, 96–97, 106, 216, 232, 244–245

• subordination 5, 53–56, 59–60, 63–64, 73, 82–85, 89–92, 104–106, 108–109, 223, 232

• syntactic accuracy 250–251, 257–258,260–262

• syntactic complexity 5, 25, 32, 45–48, 52–56, 58–60, 63–65, 68–72, 82–86, 91, 108–109, 211–216, 222–228, 229–234, 239–240, 243–245, 251–253, 256–261, 262

• syntactic tree 74, 258

• system complexity3

• task 6, 8–9, 29, 31–36, 38, 75, 98–99, 118, 120–121, 124–128, 242–243, 245–248, 254–261, 267–268, 274–275, 281, 284, 286–289, 292

• text scope33

• that-clause 86, 90, 94, 95, 99–100, 102, 104, 106–108, 302

• topic 6, 8, 54, 121, 127–128, 192, 194, 197, 232, 306

• Trade-off Hypothesis 8, 214

• Trinity Lancaster Corpus (TLC)120

• types of complexity 3, 24

• types of fluency4

• UAM Corpus Tool 165, 167–168

• unfilled pauses 274, 279–280, 283–285, 291–293

• verb tense errors 149–150, 152

• wh-clause 88–90, 93–95, 98–100, 102–104

• word scope 27–28