Index
A
-
a 啊186
see also sentence final particles
- adverb
64, 71, 88, 88n, 93, 111–112, 129–130, 143, 152–158, 163, 166, 181, 191, 193
- manner adverb
111, 152–153
- negation adverb
152, 154–155, 157, 163, 191
- adverbial phrase
152, 161
- adversity
207–209, 211–212, 252
;
see also passive
- agent
110, 140, 155, 194–196, 207–209
- in serial verb constructions
194–196
- in the bèi 被 passive construction
207–209
- affix
60, 89–90, 101–102, 104, 106–107, 109
- prefix
89–90, 102–104, 109
- infix
89–90, 96, 102–104, 109, 170
- suffix
2, 36, 59, 68, 90, 102, 104–109, 150, 159, 255
- affricates
30–31, 46
;
see also manner of articulation
- allophone
27, 37–38, 47, 61, 75
;
see also variant
- alveolar
30–31, 35, 46
;
see also place of articulation
- A-not-A question
93, 156, 187–188, 193
;
see also interrogative
- anthropological linguistics7
- apology
239–240, 243–245
;
see also speech act
- approximant
30–31
;
see also manner of articulation
- arbitrary
1–2, 5, 7, 87–88
- argument
133–134, 136, 142
- aspect
2, 90, 96, 100–101, 107–110, 113, 129–130, 158–164, 159n, 160n, 163n, 166, 171–173, 184–185, 193, 196, 198–200, 204, 255
- delimitative aspect
96, 110, 113
;
see also tentative aspect
- durative aspect164
see also
-zhe 着
- experiential aspect162
see also
-guo 过
- perfective aspect
108, 129, 158, 160, 162, 163n, 171, 193, 199, 204
;
see also
-le 了
- progressive aspect
108, 158–159, 163–164, 255
;
see also
zài 在
- aspectual morpheme
159, 166
;
see also aspectual suffix
- aspectual suffix108
see also aspectual morpheme
- aspiration (aspirated/unaspirated)
27, 30–31, 42–43, 46
- auxiliary verb
2, 103, 104, 156
;
see also modal
B
-
ba 吧
191, 193, 241–242, 248
;
see also sentence final particles
-
bǎ 把
71, 88, 179, 201–206, 209–212
-
báihuà 白话18
see also vernacular Mandarin
- base form
62–63, 68, 75, 89
;
see also underlying form
-
bèi 被
179, 207–209, 211–212, 252
;
see also passive
-
běifāng fāngyán 北方方言
12–14, 16, 18, 36
;
see also Northern dialect; Mandarin Chinese
-
bĭ shùn 笔顺
224, 226
;
see also stroke order
-
bié 别
153, 158, 166, 191, 193
;
see also negation adverb
- Bronze Inscription
218–219, 218n
;
see also
jīn wén 金文
-
bù 不
67–68, 93, 96, 103, 130, 153–154, 157–158, 164–166, 170
;
see also negation adverb
-
bùjiàn 部件226
see also component (of a character)
-
bùshǒu 部首226
see also radical
C
- Cantonese
13–16, 252n
;
see also Yue dialect
- character-unit theory118
see also
zì běn wèi 字本位
- Chinese Internet language
237, 253, 255–256, 259
- citation form
57–58, 62
;
see also base form
- classical Chinese
18, 91, 101
;
see also
wényán 文言; literary Chinese
- classifier
10, 71, 107, 112–113, 129, 130, 134–136, 138, 141–142, 166–168, 173, 181
;
see also measure word
- Clerical Script
218–219, 218n
;
see also
lì shū 隶书
- closed-mouth final (hékǒuhū 合口呼, Row-u final)
32–34, 33n
;
see also
sìhū classification 四呼
- colloquial Chinese (colloquial Mandarin)
20, 71–72, 111, 112n, 117
- comment
179, 182–183, 193
- complementary distribution
49, 79
- complex sentence
179, 192–193
- component (of a character)
226–232
;
see also
bùjiàn 部件
- compound character
221, 225–226
;
see also
hétǐ zì 合体字
- compound indicative
219–220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225
;
see also
huìyì 会意
- compound word
91, 100, 114, 119, 171
- verb-object compound (V-O compound, líhécí 离合词)
91–92, 96–101, 110, 113, 144
- parallel compound (coordinative compound)
92–94
- subject-predicate compounds
92–93
- resultative verb compounds (RVC)
92, 94–96, 103–104, 171
- compound sentence
179, 192–193
- computational linguistics7
- consonant
3, 15, 25–35, 38–40, 42, 44–46, 56, 72, 74, 78, 80
;
see also
fǔyīn 辅音
- constituent
9, 94, 96–97, 100–101, 115, 129, 131–134, 143, 152, 179, 197
- contour
55–63, 69–70, 73, 75–77
;
see also pitch movement
56, 58, 60, 75
- contour tone
10–11, 45n, 63, 74, 76–77
D
- declarative
93, 179, 184–189, 193, 238
- definite
137, 142, 149, 160, 174, 199–200, 202–204, 206, 209
- definiteness
129, 136, 148, 200
- delimitative aspect
96, 110, 113
;
see also tentative aspect
- dental
25n, 30–31, 34
;
see also place of articulation
- derivational morpheme (derivational affix)
36, 89–90, 102, 104–105, 109
- derivational suffix
36, 104–105, 109
- dialect
11–20, 36, 41–42, 60, 105, 112n, 246, 254–256
- Northern dialect (Mandarin)
12–14, 16, 18, 36
- Southern dialect
15–16, 254
- Yue dialect (Cantonese)
13–16, 252n
- Kejia dialect (Hakka)
13–16
- direct speech act
238–239
- directional RVC
95–96, 103–104, 171, 206, 211
;
see also resultative verb compounds (RVC); compound word
- disjunctive question
187–188, 193
;
see also interrogative
- displacement verb
95, 151, 166, 205–206, 214
- disposal
206, 210, 212
;
see also
bǎ 把
- distinctive feature
26–27, 31–32, 55, 72, 211
;
see also phonemic feature
- ditransitive verb
145, 158, 166
- duration (of tone duration)
57, 59–60, 62–63, 70, 75
-
dútǐ zì 独体字225
see also simple character
- duration phrase
147–149, 151, 158, 166, 198–200
- durative aspect164
see also
-zhe 着
E
- Early-Modern Chinese17
see also
jìndài hànyǔ 近代汉语
- empty rhyme35
see also
kōngyùn 空韵; syllabic consonant
- -ér儿105
see also rhotacization (érhuà 儿化)36
- even-teeth final (qíchǐhū 齐齿呼, Row-i final)
32–34, 33n
;
see also
sìhū classification 四呼
- experiential aspect162
see also
-guo 过
- external supportive move
242, 243
;
see also request
F
- final (of a Chinese syllable)
27–29, 31–35, 38–44
;
see also
yùnmǔ 韵母
- first language (L1)
8–11, 44–47, 70, 72, 80, 121, 228–229
- first language (L1) transfer
9, 45, 80
- formulaic expressions (formulaic sequence)
117–118, 257
- frequency phrase
143, 147–149, 151, 158, 166, 198–200
- fricative
28, 30
;
see also manner of articulation
-
fǔyīn 辅音
3, 15, 25–35, 38–40, 42, 44–46, 56, 72, 74, 78, 80
;
see also consonant
- full third tone (quánsānshēng 全三声)
61–62, 68, 75–76
;
see also Long-T3
- function word
59, 71, 88, 88n
G
- gender
90, 107, 109, 237, 246–249
- glottal30
see also place of articulation
- gradable adjective
181, 181n
- grammar
2, 4–11, 15, 17, 19–20, 78, 87, 113, 117, 146n, 169, 245, 256–257
- gratitude
239–241, 243, 245, 258
;
see also speech act
-
-guo 过
108, 109, 162
;
see also experiential aspect
-
guóyǔ 国语
16, 18–20, 42–43
;
see also national language
-
guānhuà 官话
13–14
;
see also Mandarin Chinese
-
Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) 国语罗马字
40, 42, 44
;
see also national romanization
H
- Hakka
13–16
;
see also Kejia dialect
- half third tone (bànsānshēng 半三声)
61–65, 68, 70, 74–76
;
see also Short-T3
-
hànyǔ pīnyīn 汉语拼音
33n, 43–44
;
see also
Pinyin
- head
3, 65, 92–93, 101–102, 119, 132, 134, 138, 140–142, 168–169
- of a compound
92–93, 101–102, 119
- of a phrase
132, 134, 138, 140–142, 168–169
- head-final
3, 141–142, 168
-
hétǐ zì 合体字225
see also compound character
- historical linguistics7
see also diachronic linguistics7
-
huáběi fāngyán 华北方言 (Northern proper)
13–14
;
see also Northern dialect
-
huìyì 会意
219, 222–223
;
see also compound indicative
I
- imperative
153, 166, 179, 186, 190–191, 193, 238, 241, 243
- indefinite
135, 137, 138, 142, 182, 199–200, 202–203
- indicative
219–220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225
;
see also
zhǐshì 指事
- infix
89–90, 96, 102–104, 109, 170
;
see also affix
- inflectional morpheme (inflectional affix)
89–90, 101, 107, 109
- inflectional suffix
107, 255
;
see also morpheme
- initial (of a Chinese syllable)
15, 26–29, 31–35, 37, 39–41, 43–45, 60
;
see also
shēngmǔ 声母
- internal modifier242
see also request
- International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
25, 25n, 29, 33, 36, 46
- interrogative
5, 179, 185–188, 190, 193, 238, 241
- A-not-A question
93, 156, 187–188, 193
- disjunctive question
187–188, 193
- particle question
187–188, 190, 193
- tag question
187–188, 193, 241
-
wh-question
187, 189, 190, 193
- intonation
25, 55–56, 60, 69–74, 78–79
- intransitive verb
116, 144, 147, 151, 166
J
-
jiǎ gǔ wén 甲骨文
17, 217–220
;
see also Oracle-bone Script; Shell-bone Script
-
jiānghuái fāngyán 江淮方言 (River/Lower Yangzi )
13–14
;
see also Northern dialect
-
jìndài hànyǔ 近代汉语17
see also Early-Modern Chinese
-
jīn wén 金文218
see also Bronze Inscription
K
-
kăi shū 楷书
218–220
;
see also Model Script
- Kejia dialect
13–16
;
see also Hakka
-
kōngyùn 空韵35
see also empty rhyme; syllabic consonant
L
- labial
25n, 30
;
see also place of articulation
-
láizhe 来着185
see also sentence final particles
- language contact
10, 15, 237, 249, 251–252, 252n, 260
- language variety
12, 246, 249, 253, 256
- lateral
26, 30–31
;
see also manner of articulation
- L2 acquisition
8–11, 44–47, 72, 74–75, 78, 80, 87, 96, 113–114, 116–117, 119–121, 166–169, 171–173, 179, 209, 211, 228, 231–232, 256–257, 259
;
see also second language acquisition
-
-le 了
108–109, 129, 160–163, 160n, 166, 171–173, 185, 193, 196, 204
;
see also perfective aspect
-
le 了
160n, 163n, 171, 184–186, 193
;
see also sentence final particles
- lexical category
36, 88, 90, 105, 107, 130, 134
;
see also word class
- lexicon
6, 17, 87–88, 113–114, 118, 171, 230, 249, 251–253, 255–256
-
líhécí 离合词
91–92, 96–101, 110, 113, 144
;
see also verb-object compound; compound word
-
lì shū 隶书
218, 219
;
see also Clerical Script
- linguist
1–2, 5–7, 17, 26, 30, 33, 35–36, 42–44, 58, 60, 62, 69, 75n, 88, 88n
- linguistics
5–8, 28, 32–33, 45n, 62, 68, 75, 87–88, 90, 100, 110n, 146n
- literary Chinese18
see also classical Chinese; wényán 文言
-
liùshū 六书 see principles of character formation
- loanword
39, 39n, 250–251, 255
- localizer150
see also locative particle
- location
96, 150–151, 157–158, 189, 205–206
- locative phrase
129, 143, 150–151, 158, 166
- locative particle
150, 211
;
see also localizer
- Long-T3
61–62, 61n, 68, 75–76
;
see also full third tone (quánsānshēng 全三声); tone
M
-
ma 嘛186
see also sentence final particles
-
ma 吗
187, 190
;
see also sentence final particles
- Mandarin Chinese
1–2, 5, 11, 15, 25, 27–30, 32–39, 44, 46, 55–57, 59–61, 68–70, 72, 74, 80, 88, 90, 96–97, 101, 104–105, 107, 109, 113, 117–118
;
see also Northern dialect (běifāng fāngyán 北方方言)
- manner of articulation
26, 30
- nasal
28–30, 33, 35–36, 38–40
- stop/plosive
26, 28, 30–31, 42
- measure word
100–101, 112–113, 130, 134–136, 142
;
see also classifier
-
méiyǒu 没有
153–154, 163, 166
;
see also negation adverb
- Middle Chinese17
see also
zhōnggǔ hànyǔ 中古汉语
- minimal pair
26–27, 60, 77
- modal
71, 129, 143, 152, 154n, 156, 158, 165, 166, 258
;
see also auxiliary verb
- Model Script
218–220
;
see also
kăi shū 楷书
- modern standard Chinese
16–18, 20, 43, 88–89, 91, 101, 114, 117, 219–221, 228, 249, 251–252, 256
;
see also national language
- modifier-head compound92
see also compound word
- morpheme (císù 词素)
2, 6, 28–29, 36, 55, 57, 59, 64, 88–94, 96, 99, 101–105, 107–110, 114–115, 118–119
- free morpheme
64, 89–91, 102–103, 114
- bound morpheme
36, 89–91, 102–103
- derivational morpheme (derivational affix)
36, 89–90, 102, 104–105, 109
- inflectional morpheme (inflectional affix)
89–90, 101, 107, 109
- morphology
6–7, 36, 87, 91, 113–114, 121
N
- nasal
28–30, 33, 35–36, 38–40
;
see also manner of articulation
- national language
18, 20, 42
;
see also
guóyǔ 国语; pǔtōnghuà 普通话; Mandarin Chinese; modern standard Chinese
- national romanization
40, 42, 44
;
see also
Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) 国语罗马字
-
ne 呢185
see also sentence final particles
- negation adverb (negation word)
152–155, 157, 163, 166, 187, 191
-
bié 别
153, 158, 166, 191, 193
-
bù 不
67–68, 93, 96, 103, 130, 153–154, 157–158, 164–166, 170
-
méiyǒu 没有
153–154, 163, 166
- neutral tone (T0, qīngshēng 轻声)
41, 59–61, 61n, 68–70, 105, 110
- nominal modifier
129, 138–142, 152, 157, 192
- non-gradable adjective
112–113, 112n, 181n
- Northern dialect (běifāng fāngyán 北方方言)
12–14, 16, 18, 36
- Northern proper (huáběi fāngyán 华北方言)
13–14
- Northwestern (xīběi fāngyán 西北方言)
13–14
- Southwestern (xīnán fāngyán西南方言)
13–14
- River/Lower Yangzi (jiānghuái fāngyán 江淮方言)
13–14
- noun phrase
3, 97, 129, 132, 134, 136, 137, 140–142, 149–150, 166, 173, 181–183, 196, 203, 209
O
- object
9, 91–92, 95–101, 107, 110, 113, 116, 129–130, 133, 140, 142–151, 158, 160, 166, 168–169, 182, 185, 192, 197–201, 203–206, 208, 210–212
- with a frequency or duration phrase
148–149
- in post-verbal constituents
143–146
- in the bǎ 把 construction
201, 203–206, 210–212
- in verb copying construction
146n, 197–200
- in V-O compound
91–92, 96–101
- Old Chinese17
see also
shànggǔ hànyǔ 上古汉语
- onset (of syllable onset)
28, 45, 46
- open-mouth final (kāikǒuhū 开口呼)
32–34, 33n
;
see also
sìhū classification 四呼
- Oracle-bone Script
17, 217–221, 218n
;
see also Shell-bone Script; jiǎ gǔ wén 甲骨文
P
- palatal
30–31, 34, 37, 45–46
;
see also place of articulation
- parallel compound (coordinative compound)
92–94
;
see also compound word
- particle question
187–188, 190, 193
;
see also interrogative
- passive
179, 182, 207–209, 211–212
;
see also
bèi 被
- People’s Republic of China
18, 20, 226, 228
;
see also
zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó 中华人民共和国
- perfective aspect
108, 129, 158, 160, 162–163, 171, 193, 199, 204
;
see also
-le 了
- pharyngeal30
see also place of articulation
- Phoneme
25–27, 37–38, 44, 46
- phonemic feature
26–27
;
see also distinctive feature
- phonetics
6, 25–26, 78
;
see also articulatory phonetics; acoustic phonetics; auditory phonetics
- phonetic transliteration
250, 252
;
see also loanword
- phonology
2, 6–7, 17, 25–26, 32–33, 38, 58, 62, 69, 72, 80, 113, 252
- phrase structure rule
132–134
- pictographic
217, 219–220, 220n, 222–223, 225
;
see also
xiàngxíng 象形
-
Pinyin
18–20, 25, 29, 29n, 32–33, 35–47, 37n, 59, 62, 76, 78, 228, 231–232, 254
;
see also
hànyǔ pīnyīn 汉语拼音
- pitch height
56, 58, 60, 74–76
;
see also register
- pitch movement
56, 58, 60, 75
;
see also contour
- pitch value
58–59, 61, 61n, 63, 68, 75
- place of articulation
26, 30, 46
- palatal
30–31, 34, 37, 45–46
- potential form
96, 103–104, 109
- pragmatic competence
257, 259
- pragmatics
7, 121, 237–238, 239n, 245, 256–257, 259–261
- predicate
66, 92–93, 132, 179–182, 185, 194
- prefix
89–90, 102–104, 109
;
see also affix
- preposition
71, 88, 97–98, 144, 150, 201
- prepositional phrase
97–98, 129, 143, 150, 152, 157–158, 166, 194, 206
- in post-verbal constituents
150, 158
- in pre-verbal constituents
152, 157–158
- principles of character formation
219, 222–223
- compound indicative
220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225
;
see also
huìyì 会意
- indicative
219–220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225
;
see also
zhǐshì 指事
- pictographic
217, 219–220, 220n, 222–223, 225
;
see also
xiàngxíng 象形
- semantic-phonetic compound
219–223, 221n, 222n
;
see also
xíngshēng 形声
- progressive aspect
108, 158–159, 163–164, 255
;
see also
zài 在
- prosodic structure
65, 74, 80
- prosody
55–56, 69, 71–72, 78, 256
-
pǔtōnghuà 普通话
16, 18–20
;
see also national language
R
- radical
220–223, 221n, 225–227, 229–232, 247
;
see also
bùshǒu 部首
- reduplication
87, 90, 96–97, 109–113, 159n
- register
58–61, 73–75
;
see also pitch height
- relative clause
3, 129, 140–142, 166, 168–169, 173, 192
- Republic of China18
see also
zhōnghuá míngguó 中华民国
- request
179, 186, 237–239, 241–243, 245, 248, 257–258, 260
;
see also speech act
- resultative verb compounds (RVC)
92, 94–96, 103–104, 171
;
see also compound word; directional RVC
- rhotacization (érhuà 儿化)36
see also -ér儿
- River/Lower Yangzi (jiānghuái fāngyán 江淮方言)
13–14
;
see also Northern dialect
- root
89–91, 102
;
see also stem
- rounded-lip final (cuōkǒuhū 撮口呼, Row-ü final)
32–34, 33n, 37
;
see also
sìhū classification 四呼
S
- Sandhi-T3
61, 61n, 63–65, 68
;
see also tone
- second language acquisition (SLA)
7–10, 11, 44, 46, 72, 74–75, 78, 80, 87, 96, 113–114, 116–117, 119–121, 166–169, 171–173, 179, 209, 211, 228, 231–232, 256–257, 259
;
see also L2 acquisition
- segmental feature
25, 27, 44
- semantic-phonetic compound
219–223, 221n, 222n
;
see also
xíngshēng 形声
- semantics
2, 6–7, 97, 220
- semantic translation
250–252
;
see also loanword
- sentence final particles
160, 171, 179, 184–186, 191, 193, 241–242, 248
-
ba 吧
191, 193, 241–242, 248
-
le 了
160n, 163n, 171, 184–186, 193
- serial verb construction
179, 194, 196
-
shànggǔ hànyǔ上古汉语17
see also Old Chinese
- Shell-bone Script
217–218
;
see also Oracle-bone Script; jiǎ gǔ wén 甲骨文
-
shēngmǔ 声母
15, 26–29, 31–35, 37, 39–41, 43–45, 60
;
see also initial
- Short-T3
61–65, 61n, 68, 70, 74–76
;
see also half third tone (bànsānshēng 半三声)
-
shūmiànyǔ 书面语111,
113, 117, 117n
;
see also written style
-
sìhū classification 四呼
32–34
- closed-mouth final (hékǒuhū 合口呼 or Row-u final)
32–34, 33n
- rounded-lip final (cuōkǒuhū 撮口呼 or Row-ü final)
32–34, 33n, 37
- even-teeth final (qíchǐhū 齐齿呼 or Row-i final)
32–34, 33n
- open-mouth final (kāikǒuhū 开口呼)
32–34, 33n
;
see also final; syllable medial
- simple character
225–226
;
see also
dútǐ zì 独体字
- simplified character
25, 226–228
- Small Seal
218–219, 218n, 226
;
see also
xiăo zhuàn 小篆; Qin Seal
- social distance
243, 245, 251, 256
- sonority scale (sonority hierarchy)
27–28
- sound-notating/denoting symbols
19, 37n, 40–44, 46–47
;
see also
zhùyīn fúhào 注音符号
- southern dialect
15–16, 254
- speech act
237–239, 242–243, 245, 256–258
- apology
239, 240, 243–245
- direct speech act
238, 239
- gratitude
239–241, 243, 245, 258
- request
179, 186, 237–239, 241–243, 245, 248, 257, 258, 260
- standard Chinese
7, 12, 17–20, 36, 43, 61, 91, 227
;
see also national language
- stem
89–91, 102
;
see also root
- stop (plosive)
26, 28, 30–31, 42
;
see also manner of articulation
- stroke
217, 219, 223–228, 230–232
- stroke order
224–225, 231
;
see also
bĭ shùn 笔顺
- subject
9, 66, 92–93, 95, 107–108, 110n, 132–133, 140, 142, 146, 150, 155, 165, 168–169, 179, 180, 182, 190–194, 201, 206–207
- in relative clause
140, 142, 168–169
- in sentence
132–133, 179–180, 182, 190–193
- in serial verb construction194
- in the bǎ 把 construction
201, 206
- in the bèi 被 passive construction207
- subject-predicate compounds
92–93
;
see also compound word
- suffix
2, 36, 59, 68, 90, 102, 104–109, 150, 159, 255
;
see also affix
- suprasegmental feature
25, 55, 70, 72
- syllabic consonant35
see also empty rhyme; kōngyùn 空韵
- syllable structure
3, 27–29, 38, 57
- (syllable) onset
28, 45, 46
- (syllable) rhyme
28, 35–36, 41, 44
- syllable nucleus
27–28, 32, 34–35, 39
- syllable medial
28–29, 32–34, 39, 41, 43–44
- syllable coda (terminal)
28, 32, 38
;
see also initial; final
- synonym
93, 116–117, 121, 171
- syntax
2, 6–7, 17, 65, 129, 179, 252
T
- tag question
187–188, 193, 241
;
see also interrogative
- tense
2, 10, 90, 107–109, 159, 159n, 161–162, 166, 172–173
- tentative aspect
109–110, 113
;
see also delimitative aspect
- theoretical linguistics
8, 146n
- third tone sandhi (T3 sandhi)
60, 61n, 63–68, 75
;
see also tone sandhi
- tone (lexical tone)
10–11, 15, 28–29, 40–44, 55–64, 66–80, 105, 110, 231, 252n
- Tone 1 (T1, yīnpíng 阴平)
10, 57–61, 63, 67–68, 70, 74, 76–77
- Tone 2 (T2, yángpíng 阳平)
10, 57–61, 61n, 63–64, 66–68, 70, 73–77
- Tone 3 (T3, shǎngshēng 上声)
57–68, 61n, 70, 73–77
;
see also Short-T3 (or half third tone, bànsānshēng 半三声)
- Long-T3 (or full third tone, quánsānshēng 全三声)
- Sandhi-T3
- Tone 4 (T4, qùshēng 去声)
10, 57–61, 63, 67–68, 70, 73–74, 76–77
- neutral tone (T0, qīngshēng)
41, 59–61, 68–70, 105, 110
- tone language (tonal language)
55–56, 60, 68, 70, 72–73
- tone sandhi
15, 60, 62, 66–68
- topic-comment structure
208–210
- traditional character
227–228
- transitive verb
97, 143–145, 151, 158, 166
- typing
42, 228, 231–232, 254, 256
U
- underlying form
60, 62, 64, 66–68
;
see also base form
- uvula30
see also place of articulation
V
- variant
13, 15, 27, 37–38, 60–62, 64, 67–68, 75, 226–228
;
see also allophone
- velar
30–31, 34–36, 39
;
see also place of articulation
- verb complement
129, 166, 169–171, 173, 211
- verb copying
146n, 149n, 179, 197–200
- verb-object compound (V-O compound)
91–92, 96–101, 110, 113, 144
;
see also
líhécí 离合词; compound word
- verb phrase
3, 15, 61n, 104, 111, 132, 134, 143, 146, 152, 154, 166, 169, 180, 194–196, 205–206, 209–212
- in serial verb construction
194–196
- in the bǎ 把 construction
205–206, 209–212
- Vernacular Literature Movement18
- vernacular Mandarin18
see also
báihuà 白话
- vocal cord (vocal fold)
6, 26, 30–31, 56
- vowel
26–29, 31–32, 34–39, 41, 43–45
;
see also
yuányīn元音
W
- Wade-Giles system (wēituǒmǎ pīnyīn 威妥玛拼音, wěishì pīnyīn 韦氏拼音)
40–42, 44
-
wényán 文言18
see also classical Chinese, literacy Chinese
-
wh-question
187, 189–190, 193
;
see also interrogative
- word class
88–89
;
see also lexical category
- written style
111, 113, 117, 117n
;
see also
shūmiànyǔ 书面语
- writing system
5, 7, 43, 88, 217, 219–220, 223, 228, 249, 255
X
-
xiàngxíng 象形
219, 222–223
;
see also pictographic
-
xiăo zhuàn 小篆218
see also Small Seal; Qin Seal
-
xīběi fāngyán 西北方言 (Northwestern)
13–14
;
see also Northern dialect
-
xīnán fāngyán西南方言 (Southwestern )
13–14
;
see also Northern dialect
-
xíngshēng 形声
219, 222–223
;
see also semantic-phonetic compound
Y
-
yuányīn元音
26–29, 31–32, 34–39, 41, 43–45
;
see also vowel
- Yue dialect (Cantonese)
13–16, 252n
-
yùnmǔ 韵母
27–29, 31–35, 38–44
-
yùnfù 韵腹
28, 32
;
see also syllable nucleus
-
yùntóu 韵头 (jièyīn 介音)
28, 32
;
see also
sìhū classification 四呼; syllable medial
-
yùnwěi 韵尾
28, 32
;
see also syllable coda (terminal)
see also final; syllable structure
Z
-
zài 在
163–166
;
see also progressive aspect
-
-zhe 着
108–109, 159, 164–166
;
see also durative aspect
-
zhǐshì 指事
219, 222–223
;
see also indicative
-
zhōnggǔ hànyǔ 中古汉语17
see also Middle Chinese
-
zhōnghuá míngguó 中华民国18
see also Republic of China
-
zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó 中华人民共和国1
8, 20, 226, 228
;
see also People’s Republic of China
-
zhùyīn fúhào 注音符号 (sound-notating/denoting symbols)
19, 37n, 40–44, 46–47
;
see also
zhùyīn zìmǔ 注音字母 (bopomofo)
-
zhùyīn zìmǔ 注音字母 (bopomofo)40
see also
zhùyīn fúhào 注音符号
-
zì běn wèi 字本位118
see also character-unit theory