Subject index
A
abstraction
66, 67, 89, 96, 97, 111, 234
accomplishment
see
Aktionsart
accorgersi (‘notice,’ ‘become aware of’)
175–177, 210
accusative (case)
2, 6, 13, 41, 45, 47, 54, 62, 64, 68, 69, 83–85, 101, 104, 176, 203, 205, 211–213, 215, 224, 232, 241
adverb
119, 205, 214, 218
agent (role) passim.
See also patient (role).
as a sense of the term subject
41
not equivalent to a Control meaning
5, 62
not signaled by si 20 et passim
agreement (syntactic)
42–43, 92, 121, 168, 180–181, 185–188, 197
Aktionsart (aspectual class)
185–187
alzare (‘raise’)
139, 148, 150–153, 158, 160
andarsene (‘go away’)
132, 134, 218
animacy
13, 24, 49, 65–69, 76, 90–91, 93–97, 105, 111, 125, 129, 140–143, 149–153, 159–162, 187, 215
anti-nomenclaturism
see nomenclaturism
aprire (‘open’)
139–147, 151–153, 158, 160
arbitrary (syntax)
42–43, 228
attention
44–50, 53–56, 61–62, 75, 87, 90, 101, 120, 142, 204, 221–222, 226–227
auxiliary (verb)
17, 196, 201–204, 216
avere (‘have’)
17, 100, 196, 201–204, 216, 217
B
beneficiary (role)
37, 62, 113
bisognare (‘need,’ ‘be necessary’)
33, 75, 104
C
cambiare (‘change’)
100, 139, 158, 160–162
case (grammatical)
2, 6, 7, 23, 41, 45–46, 52, 80, 104, 107, 212, 213, 221, 222
causative (construction)
171, 172, 225
ci (‘us,’ ‘ourselves’ or ‘there’)
2–3, 27, 33, 56–57, 70, 119, 125, 146, 205, 206–208, 210, 211, 212
ci si (impersonal reflexive)
vii, 179, 201, 205–211
clause
15, 17, 20–21, 40, 46, 90, 92, 112–113, 116–119, 121–122, 125, 163, 168, 230
Cognitive Grammar
xi, 74, 228, 235, 238–239
Columbia School (linguistics)
xi, 5, 7–12, 36–37, 39, 44–45, 47, 48, 68, 82, 87, 91, 114, 148, 157, 208, 221, 225, 228, 232–235, 238, 240
communicative orientation
221–222, 237
communicative strategy
see strategy
competence (linguistic, per Chomsky) 225
complement (grammatical)
40, 71
compositional (meaning)
175, 238
compound tense
See tense.
Concentration of Attention (grammatical system)
221–222.;
See also attention.
contraction (orthographic)
93, 112, 239
contributory or instrumental (meaning)
10, 226, 238
D
data coverage
xi, 12, 140, 166, 235, 241–242
dative (case)
xi, 2, 6, 37, 45, 47, 54, 62, 69, 83–85, 91, 101–102, 104, 131, 153, 198, 205, 211–213, 223–224, 241
Deixis (grammatical system)
221–227, 229, 231–232, 239, 240
demonstrative
24, 30, 222, 223
diachrony
126, 140, 234–235
direct object
x, 39, 43, 44, 70, 71, 83, 113, 116, 185–187, 189, 191, 198, 202, 204, 214, 215, 216–218, 232, 235
discourse
x, xi, 1, 4, 7, 11, 21, 23, 28, 36–37, 43–47, 62–63, 89, 90, 92, 94, 98, 100, 111, 113–114, 139, 163, 174, 179, 181, 193, 195, 217, 222, 223–225, 230, 233, 237–238
Discourse Referent (grammatical system)
50–53, 57, 70, 107, 119, 121, 205, 208–209, 217, 229, 231, 237, 241
disjunctive pronoun
51, 53–54, 63, 85, 91, 113–114, 117
distribution x-xi,
1, 7, 11–12, 23, 31, 34, 39–41, 44, 49–50, 56–57, 61–62, 68, 77, 81–84, 89, 91, 94, 106, 121, 139, 172, 179, 188, 221–223, 224, 227–228, 231, 235, 237–242
E
egli (‘he’)
1, 2, 6–8, 13, 15, 25–26, 33, 36, 44, 46–59, 61, 71–74, 77, 80, 83–87, 91–92, 97, 107, 112–116, 121, 146, 154, 156, 166, 194, 195, 203, 213, 214, 241, 242
ella (‘she’)
6, 56, 114, 121–124
emergent grammar
234, 238
empathetic impersonal (tu ) 34
See also person: second.
enclitic
6, 26, 54, 62, 83
English
ix, xii, 1–7, 12–14, 16–17, 20, 23, 29, 36, 46, 52, 67, 69, 74, 90–91, 98, 100, 101, 111, 114–115, 132, 145–148, 158, 160–161, 181–182, 190, 193
self forms
3, 18, 28, 111, 116, 130, 149, 231–232
system of Degree of Control
5, 7, 44–46, 103, 130, 146–147, 149
verb number
51, 180–183, 193
enumerate
see enumeration
ergative
3, 165, 216, 218, 233, 235
essere (‘be’)
17, 69, 75, 100, 105, 188–190, 196, 201–204, 216, 218
F
finite verb
26, 36, 41, 50, 57, 66, 76, 79, 82, 83, 92, 97, 98, 116, 119–120, 168–169, 180, 182, 191, 193, 204, 222, 231.;
See also verb ending.
first-person plural impersonal
see inclusive impersonal (noi )
first-person singular impersonal (io ) 26
Focus-Control (interlock of grammatical systems)
89–96, 100–101, 121, 129, 146, 162, 171, 172, 177, 197, 206–207, 210
Form-Content (linguistics) 223
formalism or formal linguistics
xi, 9, 11, 185, 239
French
23, 37, 44, 47, 63, 68–69, 76, 81, 99, 103, 104, 106, 172, 202, 213, 215, 230, 232
functionalism or functional linguistics
234, 238–239
G
gender (grammatical), passim
and number, interlocked in l -clitics
2, 9, 26, 56, 62, 87, 103, 105, 119–121, 135–136, 152, 173, 240
as provisional working hypothesis 9
on Latin demonstratives 221
on nouns and adjectives
26–27, 65, 179–180, 188, 190–191, 192, 195, 207
on participle
see participle: gender on
generalized impersonal (si )
29–37, 53, 55, 77, 80, 84, 87, 97–98, 107, 176, 179, 182, 187, 190–191, 192–194, 196, 206, 209–210, 237
generative grammar
234, 238
gli (‘him,’ ‘it’ DAT.)
2, 6–9, 31, 47–49, 52–56, et passim
government (syntactic) 173
Government and Binding Theory
117, 233
grammatical system
2, 7, 8, 39, 62, 63, 67–68, 91, 221–222
grammaticalization
133, 234, 235
Guillaumean linguistics or School 238
H
human factor (orientation)
68, 87, 90, 102, 222, 234, 237
I
il (‘he,’ ‘it,’ Fr.)
23, 202, 230
imperfect (aspect)
36, 150
impersonal
ix, x, 1, 2, 14–20, 23–28.;
See also empathetic impersonal (tu ), first-person singular impersonal (io ), generalized impersonal (si ), individualized impersonal (uno ), inclusive impersonal (noi ), third-person plural impersonal (loro ).
impersonal object (ci )
206–208
impersonal reflexive (ci si, uno si )
201, 205–209, 211
inclusive impersonal (noi )
25, 31, 35, 206
indefinite (pronoun)
23, 25, 27
indicative (mood)
36, 233
indirect reflexive
222, 234
individualized impersonal (uno )
28–31, 208
inference, as distinct from meaning
x, 5, 7–11, 63, 90, 157, 208, 226
infinitive
vii, 33, 41, 43–45, 50, 54, 55, 66, 106, 112, 120, 136, 168, 169, 174, 190, 231
inherently reflexive verb
165–167, 168, 169, 170–171, 172–173, 175, 177, 209–210
INSISTENCE (grammatical meaning)
116, 149, 231–232, 239
instrumental or contributory meaning
10, 226, 238
interlock (of grammatical systems)
8, 9, 27, 50–52, 61–62, 85–87, 89–96, 100–101, 121, 129, 146, 162, 172, 177, 197, 206–207, 210, 213–214, 221, 241
interpretation, as distinct from meaning
36, 163.;
See also inference. See also message distinguished from meaning.
intransitive
see transitivity
intuition (native-speaker)
18, 185, 224, 227, 235
io (‘I’)
3, 26–27, 30, 34, 51, 52, 70, 113, 125–126, 141, 157, 195, 211
J
Jakobsonian linguistics or School 238
L
langage (per Saussure) 229
langue (per Saussure)
225–226
Latin
23, 33, 36, 41, 44, 46, 50, 52, 62, 91, 104, 106, 125, 126, 174, 175, 192, 204, 205, 213, 221–223, 232, 234
le
dative (‘her,’ ‘it’ f-dat-sg .)
2, 6–7, 52–56, et passim
accusative (‘them’ f-acc-pl .)
2, 6–7, 26–27, et passim
lei (‘she,’ ‘her’)
6, 56, 113–114, 117, 119, 241
Lei (‘you-SG.’ polite form) 51 n. 18
lexicon
4, 8, 13, 71, 73, 144, 148, 157, 158, 161, 172, 233
lo/la/li/le (‘him/her/it/them ACC.)
2, 6–9, 13, 26–27, et passim
loro
dative (‘them’)
2, 6, 52–56, 59, 61–62, 70, 82, 84–87, 102, 104–105, 114, 119–120, 158, 194, 213–214, 229, 237
disjunctive (‘they,’ ‘them’)
27, 34, 62, 113, 114, 195, 241
Loro (‘you-PL.’ polite form) 51 n. 18
lui (‘he,’ ‘him’)
6, 30, 36, 53–54, 56, 83, 91, 113–119, 166, 241
M
meaning (Columbia School)
see message distinguished from meaning in Columbia School
message distinguished from meaning
7–12, 28, 36–37, 62, 71, 82, 90–91, 94, 180, 208, 211, 225–228, 236–241.;
See also scene.
message parameter (Columbia School) 36
modal (verb)
see auxiliary (verb)
morpheme
ix, 8, 11, 20, 26–28, 45, 84, 105, 211–214, 223.;
See also morphology.
morphological
see morphology
morphology
8–9, 23–28, 32, 36, 41–46, 50–52, 61, 66, 92, 105–107, 113–116, 147, 166–172, 173–174, 188, 197, 212, 221, 225, 233–235.;
See also morpheme.
N
ne (‘of him,’ ‘of her,’ ‘of it,’ ‘of them’)
2, 8–9, 47–50, 55–59, 61–62, 83–84, 87, 114, 119, 132–134, 201, 211–219
neutralization (of Control)
77, 111, 126–132, 135, 139, 145, 156, 160, 172, 204, 206–210, 237
neutralize (Control)
see neutralization
noi (‘we,’ ‘us’)
see inclusive impersonal
nomenclaturism
148, 230, 239
nominative (case)
2, 6, 41, 46, 104.;
See also predicate nominative.
noun
1–2, 5, 15, 40–43, 45–47, 51–52, 63, 68–69, 90–92, 103–104, 107, 114, 143, 146, 163, 183, 186, 188–189, 217, 224
Number (grammatical)
and gender, interlocked in l -clitics
see gender and number, interlocked in l -clitics
as grammatical system
8–10, 15, 33, 50, 56, 62, 77, 81–83, 107–108, 111, 117, 119, 121, 135, 163, 173, 192, 208–209, 229, 231, 240–241, et passim
on participle
see participle: number on
verb number
16–17, 32–33, 50–53, 84, 92, 97, 179–199, 217
O
direct
x, 39, 43–44, 70, 71, 83, 113, 116, 185–187, 189, 191, 198, 202, 204, 214–218, 232, 235
indirect
x, 43, 70, 102, 113, 235
prepositional 116
See also prepositional phrase.
observation (role of, in linguistic analysis)
188, 205, 226, 228, 232, 233, 235, 239, 241
opposition of inclusion
81–82
opposition of substance
52–53, 56, 70, 77, 81–83, 89, 91, 94–95, 102, 108, 115–117, 120–121, 122, 125–126, 129, 135, 163, 165, 173, 205, 214, 222–225, 229, 231, 237–238, 240
opposition of value
56, 58, 78, 116, 222–225, 237, 240
orientation (linguistic)
68, 221, 222, 237, 241
orthographic
see orthography
orthography
26, 83, 115, 174, 192, 212
P
parameter (of Columbia School message) 36
parsing
15, 53–54, 68, 79, 89, 142, 166, 186, 191, 199, 205, 222
participial
see participle
participle
17, 32, 42–45, 50, 105–109, 166, 169–171, 179, 180, 188, 196–199, 201–204
number on
43, 170, 179, 180, 188, 196–198
gender on
43, 170, 188, 196–198
partitive (pronoun), see ne .
passive voice
ix, 16, 39, 42, 44, 54, 90, 125, 181, 198
;
See also participle. See also passive in Table of contents.
patient (role)
x, 4, 5, 10, 16, 18, 24, 41, 54–55, 62, 70, 76, 90, 101, 106, 111, 113, 115, 122–123, 125, 129, 145, 162, 171, 209, 231, 237
performance (linguistic, per Chomsky)
149, 225
person
first
1, 25–27, 30–31, 35, 36, 43, 50–51, 56–57, 70, 96, 119, 125–126, 162, 205, 207–208, 211, 230, 241
second
25, 27, 34, 50–51, 56–57, 70, 119, 125–126, 162, 206, 212, 230
;
See also empathetic impersonal
see Discourse Referent (grammatical system)
piove (‘it’s raining’)
15, 24
portmanteau (morpheme)
8, 27
pragmatic, pragmatics
x, 17, 28, 205, 230, 238
precision
48, 91, 102, 105, 229
predicate
x, 15, 18, 39–41, 68, 112, 117, 188–191, 196, 223, 231.;
See also predicate adjective. See also predicate nominative.
predicate adjective
77, 179–180, 183, 188, 190, 196
predicate nominative
180–182, 188, 190–191, 192, 194
prepositional phrase
63, 103–104, 117, 122
Probability (grammatical system) 8
pronominal verb
see inherently reflexive verb
Q
quantitative (methods of validation)
47, 57, 69, 76, 236, 238
R
residual member (in a grammatical system) 52
Restrictedness of Space or Place (grammatical system)
119, 205
role
role conflict
116, 149, 231–232.;
See also INSISTENCE.
case role or thematic role
6, 23, 77, et passim
Romance reflexive
89, 223, 226–227, 233, 235, 241
S
satellite
52–56, 61, 66, 97, 114–119, 125, 132, 145, 158, 160, 206, 208, 224
scene (linguistic)
74, 91, 94–95, 97, 104–105, 109, 126
se lo, se la, se li, se le
83–87, 133, 211–212, 224, 239, 241
se ne
84, 132, 134, 211–212, 241
sé, sè, se stess+ (‘himself,’ ‘herself,’ ‘itself,’ ‘themselves’)
58, 113–119, 191, 232
second-person singular impersonal 131
see empathetic impersonal (tu ) sedersi (‘sit down’)
semantic domain or substance
5, 7–9, 32, 39, 44, 46, 52, 56, 62, 81–82, 111, 116, 183, 221–222, 223, 224–225, 229, 231
sentence (in grammar)
x–xi, 7, 16, 18, 23, 39, 41, 43, 47, 62, 75, 90, 111–112, 136, 165, 185, 214, 216, 221–223, 231–232, 236, 238, 239
Serbo-Croatian
36, 46, 231
Sex (grammatical or grammatical system)
8, 15, 33, 49, 53, 56, 72, 77, 81–83, 89, 108, 111, 117–118, 121, 163, 171, 184, 193, 194, 205–206, 208–209, 225, 240–241
signal (as hypothesis)
xi, 5–7, 10, 37, 39, 46–47, 52, 55–57, 61–63, 68–70, 74, 77, 81–85, 90–92, 103–105, 116, 162, 187, 205, 208, 217, 221–223, 229, 231, 236–240.;
See also word order.
signe linguistique (per Saussure) 238
Spanish
51, 69, 109, 241–242
clitic se
18, 29, 37, 44–45, 52, 57, 70, 81, 89, 94, 120, 142, 146, 166, 205, 223–224, 229–230, 232
statistics
x, 47, 48, 50, 69, 153, 166, 228, 229
stem (lexical)
13, 26, 27–28, 173–175
stess+ ‘same,’ ‘self’
113, 116, 191, 232
strategy (Columbia School)
10, 37, 146, 157, 225–230, 241
subject (traditional grammar) passim
impersonal
see empathetic impersonal (tu ), inclusive impersonal (noi ), individualized impersonal (uno ), generalized impersonal (si )
subject-verb agreement
see agreement (syntactic)
subject-verb order or SV or VS
36, 40, 52, 63, 81, 103, 147, 181
substance (linguistic)
8, 44, 47, 50, 61, 77, 80, 116, 229, 231, 237, 238, 240.;
See also semantic domain or substance. See also opposition of substance.
subversion of the Focus-Control interlock
89–91, 95–96, 100, 121, 129, 146, 162, 210
syntax
x, 3, 11, 13, 17, 23, 33, 40–44, 53, 62–63, 116, 117, 121, 165–167, 168–169, 180, 185, 211, 216, 222–223, 226, 230, 233, 238–239
T
tense
8, 35–36, 45, 50, 82, 193, 197, 202
compound
100, 166, 188, 196, 198, 201–203, 216
third-person plural impersonal (loro )
26–27
Time (grammatical system)
8, 50, 82, 91, 107, 202.;
See also tense.
traditional grammar
3, 40, 44, 54, 90, 112, 137, 148, 205, 206, 222, 227, 230, 232
transitive
see transitivity
transitivity
3, 224
intransitive
ix, 1–6, 12–14, 17, 19–20, 23–24, 71–72, 75, 87, 89, 90, 93, 98–100, 104, 106, 111, 113, 115, 126, 132, 148, 160, 165–167, 170–171, 202–204, 218, 223, 227, 232
transitive
1–5, 13–14, 17, 24, 71–75, 87, 96, 104, 111, 148, 151, 165, 166–167, 171, 173, 174–176, 184–187, 202–204, 217, 241
transitive-intransitive
13, 184
translation
1–4, 12–20, 24, 28–29, 32, 78, 90, 97, 99, 115, 126, 149, 159, 195, 196, 206
trovarsi (‘find oneself,’ ‘be’)
18, 115
tu (‘you’ SG.)
see empathetic impersonal
U
uno (‘one’)
25, 27–32, 34, 109, 191, 195, 208–209, 211, 227, 241.;
See also individualized impersonal.
usage-based linguistics or grammar
xi, 225, 234, 238, 242
V
value (linguistic)
4, 7–8, 44, 56, 82, 91, 116, 237, 238.;
See also opposition of value. See also truth value.
verb ending
x, 8, 31–34, 44–45, 50–59, 64, 77–78, 85–87, 90–92, 95, 100, 125, 127, 142, 145, 152, 162, 167–169, 172, 187, 198, 210, 213, 214, 217, 227.;
See also finite verb.
verb number
see Number: verb number
vi (‘you’ PL. or ‘there’)
3, 51, 52, 56, 119
Vividness (grammatical system)
33, 50, 106, 204
voltare (‘turn’)
139, 151–158, 160
W
word order
16, 41, 52, 92, 98, 103–104, 116, 181, 182