Bilingual child acquisition through the lens of sociolinguistic approaches
Leonie Cornips | Meertens Institute & Maastricht University
This paper entails a perspective on bilingual child acquisition through the lens of sociolinguistic approaches. A discussion of the concepts of monolingual language ideology and power dynamics is undertaken in order to reveal their important consequences on studying bilingual child acquisition, in particular, which (parts of) language(s) and children are important to study with which kinds of methodologies, concepts, and analyses. This paper discusses ethnographic fieldwork as a methodology to dive deeper into the whole envelope of bilingual child use in situated interactions with parents/care-takers, teachers and other children at home and in the classroom. The emphasis on language ideologies and power dynamics has helped sociolinguistic enquiry to move away from existing monolingual bias in bilingual child acquisition research.
Article outline
1.Introduction
2.
The history and the many faces of sociolinguistics
3.Monolingual language ideology
3.1Bilingual uses
4.Sociolinguistic methodologies
4.1The focus on the child’s linguistic meaning-making practices in the classroom
4.2Focus on linguistic variation in bidialectal care-giver and child interactions
5.
Beyond monolingual ideology: Fluidity, crossing and languaging
Agha, A. (2003). The social life of cultural Value. Language and Communication, 23, 231–273.
Androutsopoulos, J. (2013). Networked multilingualism: Some language practices on Facebook and their implications. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(2), 185–205.
Atkinson, P., Coffey A., Delamont S., Lofland J., & L. Lofland. (2001). Editorial introduction. In P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland, & L. Lofland (Eds.), Handbook of etnography (pp. 1–8). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Auer, P. (1995). The pragmatics of code-switching: A sequential approach. In L. Milroy & P. Muysken (Eds.), One speaker, two languages. Cross-linguistic perspectives on code-switching (pp. 115–135). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Auer, P. (2007). The monolingual bias in bilingualism research, or: Why bilingual talk is (still) a challenge for linguistics. In M. Heller (Ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 319–339). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Auer, P., & Li Wei. (2007). Introduction: Multilingualism as a problem? Monolingualism as a problem? In P. Auer & Li Wei (Eds.), Handbook of multilingualism and multilingual communication (pp. 1–12). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Barth, F. (1969). Introduction. In F. Barth (Ed.), Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference (pp. 9–38). Boston, MA: Little Brown and Co.
Blackledge, A., & Pavlenko, A. (2001). Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. The International Journal of Bilingualism 5(3), 243–257.
Blommaert, J. (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blommaert, J., & Backus, A. (2011). Repertoires revisited: ‘Knowing language’ in superdiversity. Working Papers in Urban Language & Literacies, 67, 1–26.
Boumans, L. (1998). The syntax of codeswitching. Analysing Moroccan Arabic/Dutch conversation. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Nijmegen.
Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7(4–5), 585–614.
Buitelaar, M. (1998). Between ascription and assertion. The representation of social identity by women of Moroccan descent in the Netherlands. Focaal, 32, 29–50.
Carroll, S. E. (2017). Exposure and input in bilingual development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(1), 3–16.
Cornips, L. (2013). Recent developments in the Limburg dialect region. In F. Hinskens & J. Taeldeman (Eds.), Language and space: Dutch. An international handbook of linguistic variation (pp. 378–399). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Coulmas, F. (1997). Introduction. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Coupland, N., & Jaworski, A. (1997). Multilingualism: Editor’s introduction. In N. Coupland & A. Jaworski (Eds.), Sociolinguistics. A reader (pp. 323–328). New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
De Houwer, A. (2017a). Bilingual language input environments, intake, maturity and practice. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20(1), 19–20.
De Houwer, A. (2017b). Minority language parenting in Europe and children’s well-being. In N. Cabrera & B. Leyendecker (Eds.), Handbook of positive development in minority children (pp. 231–246). Berlin: Springer.
Eckert, P. (2000). Linguistic variation as social practice. Oxford: Blackwell.
Extra, G., & Gorter, D. (2001). Comparative perspectives on regional and immigrant minority languages in multicultural Europa. In G. Extra & D. Gorter (Eds). The other languages of Europe. Demographic, sociolinguistic and educational perspectives (pp. 1–42). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Ferguson, C. A. (2000). Diglossia. Word, 15, 325–340, Reprinted in Li Wei (Ed.). The bilingualism Reader (pp. 65–80). London: Routledge.
Fijnault, C. (2011). Do rieen ze os van de sukke aaf! Onderzoek naar de taalkeuze van dialectsprekende kinderen inLimburg. Unpublished MA thesis, Meertens Instituut/Utrecht University.
Fishman, J. (1965[2000]). Who speaks what language to whom and when?La Linguistique, 2, 67–88. Reprinted in The bilingualism reader
(pp. 89–106). London: Routledge.
Fishman, J. (1997). The sociology of language. In N. Coupland & A. Jaworksi (Eds.), Sociolinguistics. A reader (pp. 25–30). New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Flores, N. & Lewis, M. (2016). From truncated to socio-political emergence: A critique of super-diversity in sociolinguistics. International Journal of Sociology of Language, 241, 97–124.
Frijhoff, W. (2010). Meertaligheid in de Gouden Eeuw. Een verkenning. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Mededelingen van de Afdeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 73(2), 1–68. Amsterdam: KNAW Press.
Gal, S. & Irvine, J. (1995). The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social Research, 62, 967–1002.
Giesbers, H. (1989) Code-switching tussen dialect en standaardtaal. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Nijmegen/P. J.-Meertens Instituut Amsterdam.
Gumperz, J. J. (1997). Communicative competence. In N. Coupland & A. Jaworksi (Eds.), Sociolinguistics. A reader (pp. 39–48). New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Haugen, E.[1964](2003). Dialect, language, nation. In C. B. Paulston & G. R. Tucker (Eds.), Sociolinguistics. The essential readings (pp. 341–352). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.
Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In M. Heller (Ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 1–22). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hewitt, R. (1986). White talk black talk. Inter-racial friendship and communication amongst adolescents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: Selected readings (pp. 269–293). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Irvine, J. T. (1989). When talk isn’t cheap: Language and political economy. American Ethnologist, 16(2), 248–67.
Johnstone, B. (In press/2018). Enregisterment: Linguistic form and meaning in time and space. In B. Busse & I. H. Warnke (Eds.), Sprache im urbanen Raum/Language in Urban Space. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Johnstone, B. (2016). Language theory in contemporary sociolinguistics. Beyond Dell Hymes? In N. Coupland (Ed.), Sociolinguistics: Theoretical debates (pp. 417–432). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jørgensen, J. N. (2008). Polylingual languaging around and among adolescents. International Journal of Multilingualism, 5, 161–176.
Jørgensen J. N. & Juffermans, K. (2011). Languaging. Glossary entry: See <[URL]>, 2011 (13 March 2017, no longer available).
Jørgensen, J. N, Karrebæk, M. S., Madsen, L. M., & Møller, J. S. (2011). Polylanguaging in superdiversity. In J. Blommaert, B. Rampton, & M. Spotti (Eds.), Language and superdiversities, language and superdiversities. Diversities, 13(2), 23–38.
Joseph, J. E. (2010). Identity. In L. Carmen & Watt, D. (Eds.) Language and identities (pp. 9–17). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Karrebæk, M. S. (2013). ‘Don’t speak like that to her!’: Linguistic minority children’s socialization into an ideology of monolingualism. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 17(3), 355–375.
Kroskrity, P. V. (2010). Language ideologies –Evolving perspectives. In J. Jaspers, J.-O. Östman, & J. Verschueren (Eds), Society and language use (pp. 192–211). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Labov, W. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lanza, E. (2007). Multilingualism and the family. In P. Auer & Li Wei (Eds.), Handbook of multilingualism and multilingual communication (pp. 45–67). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Li Wei (2000). Dimensions of bilingualism. In Li Wei (Ed.), The bilingualism reader (pp. 3–25) London: Routledge.
Li Wei (2000a). Methodological questions in the study of bilingualism. In Li Wei (Ed.), The bilingualism reader (pp. 475–486). London: Routledge.
Li Wei (2011). Moment analysis and translanguaging space: Discursive construction of identities by multilingual Chinese youth in Britain. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 1222–1235.
Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 605–621.
Luk, G. (2015). Who are the bilinguals (and monolinguals). Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(1), 35–36.
Makoni, S., & Pennycook, A. (2005). Disinventing and (re)constituting languages. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies: An International Journal, 2(3), 137–156.
Milroy, J. (2001). Language ideologies and the consequence of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5(4), 530–555.
Møller, J., & Jørgensen, N. J. (2009). From language to languaging: Changing relations between humans and linguistic features. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 41(1): 143–166.
Mufwene, S. (2001). The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nettle, D. (1999). Linguistic diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. Shweder & R. Levine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 276–320). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Otsaji, L. & A. Pennycook (2010) Metro lingualism: Fixity, Huidity and language in Hux. International Journal of Multilingualism 7, 240–254.
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. (1995). The impact of language socialization on grammatical development. In P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney (Eds.), The Handbook of Child Language (pp. 73–94). Oxford: Blackwell.
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. (2011). The theory of language socialization. In A. Duranti, E. Ochs, & B. Schieffelin (Eds.) The handbook of language socialization (pp. 1–21). Oxford: Blackwell.
Patrick, D. (2010). Language dominance and minorization. In J. Jaspers, J-O. Östman, & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Society and language use (pp. 176–191). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Pavlenko, A. (2007). Emotions and multilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rampton, B. (1995). Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. London: Longman.
Schieffelin, B. (2002). Language and place in children’s worlds. Texas Linguistic Forum, 45, 152–166.
Schmid, M. S. & Jarvis, S. (2015). Lexical access and lexical diversity in first language attrition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(4), 729–748.
Sheller, M. & Urry, J. (2006). The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and planning A, 38, 207–226.
Sijs, N. van der (2004). Taal als mensenwerk: Het ontstaan van het ABN. Den Haag: Sdu.
Smith, J., Durham, M., & Fortune, L. (2007). “Mam, my trousers is fa’in doon!”: Community, caregiver, and child in the acquisition of variation in a Scottish dialect. Language Variation and Change, 19, 63–99.
Smith, J., Durham, M., & Fortune, L. (2009). Universal and dialect-specific pathways of acquisition: Caregivers, children and t/d deletion. Language Variation and Change, 21(1), 69–95.
Smith, J., Durham, M., & Richards, H. (2013). The social and linguistic in the acquisition of sociolinguistic variation. Linguistics, 51(2), 258–324.
Stroud, C. (2007). Multilingualism in ex-colonial countries. In P. Auer & Li Wei (Eds.), Handbook of multilingualism and multilingual communication (pp. 509–538). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Swann, J. (2004). A dictionary of sociolinguistics. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
Wiese, H. (2013). From feature pool to pond: The ecology of new urban vernaculars. Working Papers in Urban Language & Literacies, 104. London: King’s College London.
Wodak, R., Johnstone, B., & Kerswill, P. (2011). Introduction. In R. Wodak, B. Johnstone, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 1–7). London: Sage.
Woolard, K. A. (2008). Why dat now?: Linguistic-anthropological contributions to the explanation of sociolinguistic icons and change. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(4), 432–452.
Zentella, A. C. (1997). Growing up bilingual. New York, NY: Blackwell.
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Rickert, Marie
2023. ‘You don’t know how to say cow in Polish’. – Co-creating and navigating language ideological assemblages in a linguistically diverse kindergarten in Germany. International Journal of Multilingualism 20:4 ► pp. 1287 ff.
Saiegh-Haddad, Elinor
2022. A Psycholinguistic-Developmental Approach to the Study of Reading in Arabic Diglossia: Assumptions, Methods, Findings and Educational Implications. In Handbook of Literacy in Diglossia and in Dialectal Contexts [Literacy Studies, 22], ► pp. 135 ff.
Cornips, Leonie
2020. The impact of preschool attendance on children's bidialectism in The Netherlands: Why toddlers may stop speaking a regional language (Limburgish) at home. Language in Society 49:3 ► pp. 333 ff.
Rothman, Jason, Jorge González Alonso & Eloi Puig-Mayenco
2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer,
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.