Chapter 3
Empirical evidence for subtle gender biases in language
This chapter presents empirical evidence from social psychological and psycholinguistic studies to
provide an insight on mechanisms underlying gender inequality represented and maintained through language. The
reviewed phenomena cover linguistic manifestations of gender and gender stereotypes that range from relatively
superficial word semantics to gender asymmetries ingrained deeply in grammatical language systems, such as the
category of verbs and the case system. The existing studies on biases in language suggest that even linguistic
phenomena seemingly unrelated to gender (e.g. negations or thematic structure) may function as mechanisms supporting
gender stereotypical beliefs. Such biases present a special challenge when it comes to identifying them; however,
revealing their mechanisms has important implications for initiatives aiming at neutralizing their negative social
consequences.
Article outline
- 1.Empirical evidence for gender biases in language
- 2.Linguistic phenomena representing biases
- 2.1Linguistic intergroup and expectancy bias
- 2.2Negation bias
- 2.3Irony bias
- 2.4Male bias in “generic” masculine and “gender-fair” alternatives
- 2.5Gender mismatch effects as indicators of biases
- 3.Social agency and its linguistic representations
- 3.1Verbs as markers of agency
- 3.2Case syncretism
- 3.3Thematic agents
- 4.Conclusions
-
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Cited by (1)
Cited by 1 other publications
Kim, Jonathan, Sarah Angst, Pascal Gygax, Ute Gabriel & Sandrine Zufferey
2023.
The masculine bias in fully gendered languages and ways to avoid it: A study on gender neutral forms in Québec and Swiss French.
Journal of French Language Studies 33:1
► pp. 1 ff.
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