In this paper the discourse of a specific type of meme in Spanish, the image macro, is analysed, together with
several ways in which memes generate humorous effects. Two main areas are addressed: (a) how humour arises from the processing of
the text in the meme (decoding of the text plus further inferential enrichment); and (b) how humour relies on specific
combinations of the text and the image in the meme. The pragmatic framework used in the analysis will be relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson 1995), which in previous research (especially Yus 2016) has proven to be a valid foundation for the analysis of humour.
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Blakemore, Diane. 2002. Relevance and Linguistic Meaning. The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Breheny, Caitlin. 2017. “By Any Memes Necessary”: Exploring the Intersectional Politics of Feminist Memes on Instagram. MA Thesis. Uppsala University.
Carston, Robyn. 2002. Thoughts and Utterances. Oxford: Blackwell.
Carston, Robyn. 2009. “Explicit/implicit distinction.” In The Pragmatics Encyclopedia, ed. by Louise Cummings. London: Routledge.
Carter, Jonathan. 2016. Enchanting Memes: Memetic Politics in the Face of Technocratic Control. PhD Thesis. University of Nebraska.
Coleman, E. Gabriella. 2012. “Phreaks, hackers, and trolls and the politics of transgression and spectacle.” In The Social Media Reader, ed. by M. Mandiberg, 99–119. New York: New York University Press.
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Denisova, Anastasia. 2016. Political Memes as Tools of Dissent and Alternative Digital Activism in the Russian-language
Twitter. PhD Thesis. University of Westminster.
Dynel, Marta. 2016. “‘I has seen image macros!’ Advice animal memes as visual-verbal jokes.” International Journal of Communication 101: 660–688.
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Hadley, Bree. 2016. “Cheats, charity cases and inspirations: disrupting the circulation of disability-based memes online.” Disability & Society 31(5): 676–692.
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rhetoric.” Communication Studies 67(1): 77–93.
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Milner, Ryan M.2012. The World Made Meme: Discourse and Identity in Participatory Media. PhD Thesis. University of Kansas.
Miltner, Kate M.2014. “‘There’s no place for lulz on LOLCats’: The role of genre, gender, and group identity in the interpretation and
enjoyment of an Internet meme.” First Monday 19(4).
Nissenbaum, Asaf, and Limor Shifman. 2017. “Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s /b/ board.” New Media & Society 19(4): 483–501.
Segev, Elad, Asaf Nissenbaum, Nathan Stolero, and Limor Shifman. 2015. “Families and networks of Internet memes: The relationship between cohesiveness, uniqueness, and quiddity
concreteness.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 201: 417–433.
Shifman, Limor. 2014. Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Sperber, Dan, and Deirdre Wilson. 1995. Relevance. Communication and Cognition. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Suls, Jerry M.1983. “Cognitive processes in humor appreciation.” In Handbook of Humor Research, Vol. 1: Basic Issues, ed. by Paul E. McGhee, and Jeffrey H. Goldstein, 39–57. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Tay, Geniesa. 2015. “Binders full of LOLitics: Political humour, internet memes, and play in the 2012 US Presidential Election (and
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Willmore, James, and Darryl Hocking. 2017. “Internet meme creativity as everyday conversation.” Journal of Asia-Pacific Pop Culture 2(2): 140–166.
Yoon, InJeon. 2016. “Why is it not Just a joke? Analysis of Internet memes associated with racism and hidden ideology of
colorblindness.” Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education 331: 92–123.
Yus, Francisco. 1997. “La teoría de la relevancia y la estrategia humorística de la incongruencia-resolución.” Pragmalingüística 3–41: 497–508.
Yus, Francisco. 2019. “Multimodality in memes. A cyberpragmatic approach.” In Analyzing Digital Discourse: New Insights and Future Directions, ed. by Patricia Bou-Franch, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich (eds.), 105–131. Cham (Switzerland): Palgrave Macmillan.
2024. Pragmatic acts of humour in family discourse in selected Maryam Apaokagi's comedy skits. The European Journal of Humour Research 12:2 ► pp. 53 ff.
Sinkeviciute, Valeria
2024. Introduction. Internet Pragmatics 7:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Attruia, Francesco & Stefano Vicari
2023. Humour et ironie dans les mèmes politiques: étude contrastive français/italien. In Le français au prisme de sa diversité [LCM - La Collana / The Series, ],
2023. Presenting grammar through Internet memes in teaching English for specific purposes. Cognition, Communication, Discourse :26 ► pp. 68 ff.
Osisanwo, Ayo & Toluwalope M. Falade
2023. Identity Construction and Representation in Education-Centred Internet Memes. In Transformation of Higher Education Through Institutional Online Spaces [Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development, ], ► pp. 50 ff.
Yus, Francisco
2023. Humour in Messaging Interactions. In Pragmatics of Internet Humour, ► pp. 107 ff.
Yus, Francisco
2023. Meme-Mediated Humorous Communication. In Pragmatics of Internet Humour, ► pp. 245 ff.
Yus, Francisco
2023. Relevance Theory, Humour and Internet Communication. In Pragmatics of Internet Humour, ► pp. 9 ff.
2022. COVID-19 in Memes: The Adaptive Response of Societies to the Pandemic?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:19 ► pp. 12969 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.