This paper examines the use of two discourse markers, English-origin so and Spanish-origin entonces, in New Mexican bilingual speech. Both forms appear in the mixed speech and in the otherwise monolingual English and monolingual Spanish of bilingual speakers in New Mexico. Through a quantitative examination of the 413 uses of so (n=289) and entonces (n=124) in a 204,000-word corpus, it is found that both perform the same discourse functions with the same relative frequency, thus showing no evidence of specialization. It is also shown that so occurs with code-switches significantly more often than entonces, and therefore may function as a “trigger” for code-switches (cf. Clyne 1997). This switching is not preferred in certain contexts, but rather follows the same patterns as in monolingual discourse. Lastly, it is found that the use of so in monolingual Spanish and monolingual English shows no significant differences: it is used in the same way in both modes.
2017. Uh, bueno, em … : Filled pauses as a site of contact-induced change in Boston Spanish. Language Variation and Change 29:2 ► pp. 205 ff.
Flores-Ferrán, Nydia
2020. Detecting Mitigation Devices and Strategies. In Linguistic Mitigation in English and Spanish, ► pp. 86 ff.
Hualde, José Ignacio, Antxon Olarrea, Anna María Escobar, Catherine E. Travis & Cristina Sanz
2020. Introducción a la lingüística hispánica,
Kern, Joseph
2020. Likein English andcomo, como que, andlikein Spanish in the speech of Southern Arizona bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:2 ► pp. 184 ff.
Lim, Jessica
2018. So How Do English Language Learners Use "So"?. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 21:1 ► pp. 94 ff.
Linares, Emily
2019. Home-comers as a source of language contact: Return Azorean emigrants’ English code-switching practices. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 12:1 ► pp. 127 ff.
2008. A sociolinguistic approach to the use of entonces (so) in the oral narratives of young bilinguals in the United States. Sociolinguistic Studies 2:1 ► pp. 97 ff.
Torres, Lourdes
2011. Spanish in the United States: Bilingual Discourse Markers. In The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics, ► pp. 491 ff.
Torres, Lourdes & Kim Potowski
2008. A comparative study of bilingual discourse markers in Chicago Mexican, Puerto Rican, and MexiRican Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism 12:4 ► pp. 263 ff.
Torres Cacoullos, Rena & Catherine E. Travis
2011. Testing convergence via code-switching: priming and the structure of variable subject expression. International Journal of Bilingualism 15:3 ► pp. 241 ff.
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