This study investigates variation in the prosodic system of Spanish in the speech of three generations of Mexican Americans living in a Mexican American-majority community in South Texas, United States, characterized by high levels of bilingualism and long-term, sustained contact between languages. Low and Grabe’s (1995) Pairwise Variability Index was used to quantify prosodic rhythm in the Spanish and the English of community members across generations in order to: (1) assess differences between contact and non-contact varieties of Spanish, (2) investigate the cross-generational stability of prosodic rhythm in the community, and (3) ascertain the type of influence from English, if any, on Spanish prosody. Findings show that while the oldest generations maintain separate systems of rhythm in Spanish and English, the youngest generation demonstrates prosodic convergence.
Abercrombie, David. 1967. Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Alfaraz, Gabriela. 2000. Sound change in a regional variety of Cuban Spanish. PhD diss. Lansing: Michigan State University.
Alvord, Scott. 2010. “Miami Cuban Spanish declarative intonation.” Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 3(1): 3–39.
Arvaniti, Amalia. 2012. “The Usefulness of Metrics in the Quantification of Speech Rhythm.” Journal of Phonetics 401: 351–373.
Barrett, Rusty. 2006. “Language Ideology and Racial Inequality: Competing Functions of Spanish in an Anglo-owned Mexican Restaurant.” Language in Society 351: 163–204.
Boersma, Paul & David Weenik. 2013. Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program].
Borzone de Manrique, Ana María, and Angela Signorini. 1983. “Segmental Durations and the Rhythm in Spanish.” Journal of Phonetics 111: 117–128.
Bullock, Barbara, and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio. 2004. “Convergence as an Emergent Property in Bilingual Speech.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 71: 91–93.
Campbell, William M., and Stephen D. Isard. 1991. “Segment Duration in a Syllable Frame.” Journal of Phonetics 191: 37–48.
Cogshall, Elizabeth. 2008. “The prosodic rhythm oftwo varieties of Native American English.” In University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14.21: Selected Papers from NWAV 36: 1–9.
Del Barrio Estévez, Laura and Sergio Tornel Castells. 1999. “La duración consonántica en castellano.” Estudios de Lingüística - Universidad de Alicante 131: 9–36.
Fought, Carmen.2003. Chicano English in Context. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fought, Carmen, and John Fought. 2002. Prosodic Rhythm Patterns in Chicano English. Unpublished manuscript, Pitzer College.
Gabriel, Christoph, and Elena Kireva. 2014. “Prosodic Transfer in Learner and Contact Varieties: Speech Rhythm and Intonation of Buenos Aires Spanish and L2 Castilian Spanish Produced by Italian Native Speakers.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 361: 257–281.
Godinez, Manuel, JrIan Maddieson., and . 1985. “Vowel Differences between Chicano and General Californian English?” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 531: 43–58.
Gutierrez, Manuel. 1995. “On the Future of the Future Tense in the Spanish of the Southwest.” In Spanish in Four Continents, ed. by Carmen Silva-Corvalan. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Gutierrez, Manuel. 2001. “Estar innovador en el continuo generacional bilingüe de Houston.” Proceedings of the VII Simposio Internacional de Comunicación Social, 210–213. Santiago de Cuba: Centro de Lingüística Aplicada.
Hill, Jane. 2008. The Everyday Language of White Racism. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Henriksen, Nicholas. 2013. “The Acquisition of Second Language Rhythm by Spanish-English Bilinguals.” Paper presented at
Second Language Research Forum
, Provo, UT.
Lafford, Barbara. 1986. “Valor diagnostico-social del uso de ciertas variantes de Is/en el espanol de Cartagena, Colombia.” In Estudios sobre lafonologia del espafiol del Caribe, ed. by Rafael Nufiez Cedeno, Iraset Paez Urdaneta, and Jorge M. Guitart, 53–75.
Low, Ee Ling, and Esther Grabe. 1995. “Prosodic Patterns in Singapore English.” In Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, ed. by Kjell Elenius and Peter Branderud, 636–639. Stockholm: KTH and Stockholm University Press.
Low, Ee Ling, and Esther Grabe. 2002. “Durational Variability in Speech and the Rhythm Class Hypothesis.” In Papers in Laboratory Phonology 7, ed. by C. Gussenhoven, and N. Warner, 515–546. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Low, E.L., Esther Grabe, and Francis Nolan. 2000. “Quantitative Characterizations of Speech Rhythm: Syllable- Timing in Singapore English.” Language and Speech 431: 377–401.
Lynch, Andrew. 2000. “Spanish-Speaking Miami in Sociolinguistic Perspective: Bilingualism, Recontact, and Language Maintenance among the Cuban-Origin Population.” In Research on Spanish in the United States: Linguistic Issues and Challenges, ed. by Ana Roca, 271–283. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Lynch, Andrew. 2009. “A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Final /s/ in Miami Cuban Spanish.” Language Sciences 311: 766–790.
Lynch, Andrew. 2013. “Observaciones sobre comunidad y (dis)continuidad en el estudio sociolingüístico del español en Estados Unidos.” In El español en los Estados Unidos: E pluribus unum? Enfoques multidisciplinarios, ed. by Domnita Dumitrescu and Gerardo Piña-Rosales, 67–83. New York: Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española.
Ma, Roxana, and Eleanor Herasimchuk. 1971. “The linguistic dimensions of a bilingual neighborhood.” In Bilingualism in the Barrio, ed. by Joshua A. Fishman, 349–464.
Oliver, Paul. 2006. “Snowball Sampling.” In The Sage Dictionary of Social Research Methods, ed. by Victor Jupp, 281–282. Sage: London.
Otheguy, Ricardo, Ofelia García, and Ana Roca. 2000. “Speaking in Cuban: The Language of Cuban Americans.” In New Immigrants in the United States. Readings for Second Language Educators, ed. by Sandra McKay and Sau-ling Cynthia Wong, 165–188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Otheguy, Ricardo, and Ana Celia Zentella. 2011. Spanish in New York: Language Contact, Dialect Leveling and Structural Continuity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Phillips, Robert. 1982. “The Influences of English on /b/ in Los Angeles Spanish.” In Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Aspects, edited by Jon Amaste and Lucía Elías-Olivares. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pike, Kenneth. 1945. The Intonation of American English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Porcel, Jorge. 2006. “The paradox of Spanish among Miami Cubans.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 101: 93–110.
Prieto, Pilar, María del Mar Astruc Vanrell, Elinor Lluïsa Payne, and Brechtje Post. 2012. “Phonotactic and Phrasal Properties of Speech Rhythm. Evidence from Catalan, English, and Spanish.” Speech Communication 54 (6), 681–702
Ramus, Frank, Marina Nespor, and Jacques Mehler. 1999. “Correlates of Linguistic Rhythm in the Speech Signal.” Cognition 731: 265–292.
Ríos, Antonio. 1991. Caracterización acústica del ritmo castellano. Trabajo de investigación de Tercer Ciclo. Departamento de Filología Española, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
Robles-Puete, Sergio. 2014. Prosody in Contact: Spanish in Los Angeles. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California.
Santa Ana, Otto. 1992. “Chicano English Evidence for the Exponential Hypothesis: A Variable Rule Pervades Lexical Phonology.” Language Variation and Change 41: 275–88.
Santa Ana, Otto. 1993. “Chicano English and the Nature of the Chicano Language Setting.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 151: 3–35.
Santa Ana, Otto. 2002. Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse. Austin, TX: University of Austin Press.
Shousterman, Cara. 2013. “Speaking English in Spanish Harlem: Dialect change in Puerto Rican English.” Paper presented at the American Dialect Society (ADS) Annual Meeting, Boston, MA.
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 1986. “Bilingualism and Language Change: The Extension of estar in Los Angeles Spanish.” Language 621: 587–608.
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 1994. “The Gradual Loss of Mood Distinction in Los Angeles Spanish.” Language Variation and Change 61: 255–72.
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 2003. “El español en Los Ángeles: aspectos morfosintácticos.” Ínsula 679-6801: 19–25.
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 2006. “El español de Los Ángeles: ¿adquisición incompleta o desgaste lingüístico?” In Estudios sociolingüísticos del español de España y América, ed. by Ana María Cestero, Isabel Molina, and Florentino Paredes, 121–138. Madrid: Arco Libros.
Solé, Yolanda R., and Carlos A. Solé. 1979. Modern Spanish Syntax: A Study in Contrast. Lexington, MA: Heath and Co.
Szakay, Anita. 2006. “Rhythm and Pitch as Markers of Ethnicity in New Zealand English.” In Proceedings of the 11th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, ed. by Paul Warren and Catherine I. Watson. University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Terrell, T.D. 1979. “Final/s/in Cuban Spanish.” Hispania 62(4): 599–612.
Thomas, Erik R. 2001. An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Variation in New World English. Publication of the American Dialect Society 851. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Thomason, Sarah. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Urciuoli, Bonnie. 1996. Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race and Class. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Veltman, Calvin. 1988. “Modeling the Language Shift Process of Hispanic Immigrants.” International Migration Review 221: 545–562.
Veltman, Calvin. 2000. “The American Linguistic Mosaic: Understanding Language Shift in the United States.” In New Immigrants in the United States: Readings for Second Language Educators, edited by Sandra L. McKay and Sau-Ling C. Wong. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolford, Tonya, and Phillip M. Carter. 2010. “Spanish as a Threat Ideology and the Sociocultural Context of Spanish in South Texas.” In Spanish of the US Southwest: a language in transition, ed. by Susana Rivera-Mills and Daniel Villa, 111–132.
Wolfram, Walt, Phillip M. Carter, and Rebecca Moriello. 2004. “New Dialect Formation in the American South: Emerging Hispanic English.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 8 (3): 339–358.
Zentella, Ana Celia. 1997. Growing up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
2018. Geographic Patterns of Language and Bilingualism in the United States. Papers in Applied Geography 4:1 ► pp. 83 ff.
Carter, Phillip M. & Tonya E. Wolford
2018. Grammatical change in borderlands Spanish: A variationist analysis of copula variation and progressive expansion in a South Texas bilingual enclave community
. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 11:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Henriksen, Nicholas & Stephen Fafulas
2017. Prosodic timing and language contact: Spanish and Yagua in Amazonian Peru. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 10:2 ► pp. 225 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.