Voicing the ‘other’
Code-switching in discourses of Gaelic language ideologies
Since the late 1970s, and particularly the early 1990s, work carried out on language ideologies within the fields of linguistic anthropology and the sociology of language has contributed considerably to an understanding of the interplay between speakers’ language use on the one hand, and their views and beliefs about language and its use on the other. At the same time, ongoing research into the phenomenon of code-switching within interactional sociolinguistics has demonstrated the multiple motivations that multilingual speakers may have in alternating between the various codes available to them. This paper provides a preliminary synthesis of the two approaches in the context of Scottish Gaelic-English bilinguals’ interactions, drawing on two corpora of recorded bilingual speech to look at how language choice can relate to expressions of language ideologies and the interactional contexts in which these expressions take place. We focus specifically on how speakers orient to language ideologies related to language policy and argue that code-switching offers the interactant a way to “voice the other” when expressing negative views of language policy and practice. We then consider the interactional motivations for drawing on this “other” voice in the discourse.
References
Ag, Astrid, and J. Normann Jørgensen
2013 “
Ideologies, norms, and practices in youth poly-languaging”.
International Journal of Bilingualism 17 (4): 525–539.
Alvarez-Cáccamo, Celso
1996 “
The power of reflexive language (s): Code displacement in reported speech.”
Journal of Pragmatics 25(1): 33–59.
Auer, Peter
1988 “
A conversation analytic approach to code-switching and transfer.” In
Code-switching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic perspectives ed. by
M. Heller, 187–213. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. M
1986 Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. (
C. Emerson,
M. Holquist, and
Vern W. McGee, eds.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson
1978 Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clyne, Michael
1967 Transference and Triggering: Observations on the Language Assimilation of Postwar German-speaking Migrants in Australia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Dorian, Nancy C
1997 “
Telling the monolinguals from the bilinguals: Unrealistic code choices in direct quotations within Scottish Gaelic narratives.”
International Journal of Bilingualism 1: 41–54.
Du Bois, John W
2007 “
The stance triangle.” In
Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction ed. by
R. Englebretson, 139–182. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Dunmore, Stuart S
2014 “
Bilingual Life After School? Language Use, Ideologies and Attitudes Among Gaelic-medium Educated Adults.” Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Edinburgh.
Gal, Susan
1979 Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press.
García, Ofélia, and Li Wei
2014 Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jørgensen, J. Normann
2003 “
Languaging among fifth graders: Code-switching in conversation 501 of the Køge project.”
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24 (1–2): 126–148.
Kroskrity, Paul
ed. 2000 Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Politics, and Identities. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
National Records of Scotland (NROS)
2013 “
Statistical Bulletin – Release 2A
”. Available online:
[URL] [accessed 26.9.2013].
Oliver, James
2006 “
Where is Gaelic? Revitalisation, language, culture, and identity”. In
Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland ed. by
W. McLeod, 155–168. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
Rampton, Ben
2005 Crossing: Language and Ethnicity Among Adolescents (2nd edn). London: Routledge.
Schiefflin, Bambi, Kathryn Woolard and Paul Kroskirty
eds. 1998 Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Silverstein, Michael
1979 “
Language structure and linguistic ideology”. In
The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels ed. by
R. Clyne,
W. Hanks, and
C. Hofbauer, 193–247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
Smith-Christmas, Cassie
2012 “
I’ve lost it here de a bh’ agam: Language Shift, Maintenance, and Code-Switching in a Bilingual Family.” Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Glasgow.
Stockdale, Aileen, Bryan MacGregor and Gillian Munro
2003 Migration, Gaelic-medium Education n and Language Use. Sleat, Isle of Skye: Ionad Nàiseanta na h-Imrich [National Migration Centre], Sabhal Mòr Ostaig.
Tannen, Deborah
1995 “
Waiting for the mouse: Constructed dialogue in conversation.” In
The Dialogic Emergence of Culture ed. by
B. Mannheim and
D. Tedlock, 198–217. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Zentella, Ana Celia
1990 “
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in the Study of Bilingual Code Switching.”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 583: 75–92.
Cited by
Cited by 2 other publications
Dunmore, Stuart S.
2017.
Immersion education outcomes and the Gaelic community: identities and language ideologies among Gaelic medium-educated adults in Scotland.
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38:8
► pp. 726 ff.
Nance, Claire Louise & Dominic Moran
2022.
Place identity and authenticity in minority language revitalisation: Scottish Gaelic in Glasgow.
International Journal of Bilingualism 26:5
► pp. 542 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 20 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.