Unlike most varieties of English, in which (ing) has only two major realisations, [ɪŋ] and [ɪn], in Manchester a third variant for (ing) occurs, [ɪŋɡ]. Our research firstly confirms that [ɪŋɡ] exists in Manchester as a variant of (ing) for young adult speakers and that it is more common in more formal speech. Secondly, we examine the social meanings of all three variants of (ing) in Manchester English and compare them with US data. Our comparison shows that the majority of the core differences of [ɪŋ] and [ɪn] are the same (e.g. [ɪŋ] is heard as more articulate, educated and less casual). We also observe social meanings that relate specifically to [ɪŋɡ]. It is strongly associated with an uptight, non-dynamic formalness.
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Cited by
Cited by 4 other publications
Bailey, George
2019. Emerging from below the social radar: Incipient evaluation in the North West of England. Journal of Sociolinguistics 23:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
2017. Social Meanings across Listener Groups. Journal of English Linguistics 45:1 ► pp. 28 ff.
Schleef, Erik & Nicholas Flynn
2015. Ageing meanings of (ing). English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 36:1 ► pp. 48 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.