This chapter explores the acoustics and phonology of speech sounds produced by Norwegian heritage speakers in the Upper Midwest in Norwegian and to a lesser extent in English. The study reports work on acoustic differences in obstruents spoken by heritage speakers whose L1 and L2 are both ‘aspiration’ languages, namely Norwegian and American English, but which differ phonologically in other ways. Our focus falls in particular on laryngeal features, that is, the realization of the distinction between ‘voiced’ and ‘voiceless’ or ‘lenis’ and ‘fortis’ consonants, along with the closely related issue of durational contrasts in Norwegian. Building on Allen and Salmons (2012), we argue that the Norwegian and English spoken by Norwegian-American bilinguals will each show influence from the other language, but asymmetrically.
2011“Laryngeal Phonology in Norwegian: Sonorant Devoicing.” Manuscript. University of Wisconsin – Madison.
Allen, Brent and Joseph Salmons
2012“Obstruenters fonetikk og fonologi i amerikanorsk og norskamerikansk engelsk.”Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Linguistics Journal] 30: 149–169.
Annear, L., E. Clare, A. Groh, T.C. Purnell, E. Raimy, M. Simonsen and J.C. Salmons
2011Why do English speakers neutralize VOICING finally? Paper presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV), Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
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2003a“Laryngeal Enhancement in Early Germanic.”Phonology 20: 43–74.
Iverson, Gregory and Joseph Salmons
2003b“Legacy Specification in the Laryngeal Phonology of Dutch.”Journal of Germanic Linguistics 15(2): 1–26.
Iverson, Gregory and Joseph Salmons
2006“On the Typology of Final Laryngeal Neutralization: Evolutionary Phonology and Laryngeal Realism.”Theoretical Linguistics 32: 205–216.
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Keyser, Samuel Jay and Kenneth Stevens
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