Cover not available
Part of
Acquiring Sociolinguistic Variation
Edited by Gunther De Vogelaer and Matthias Katerbow
[Studies in Language Variation 20] 2017
► pp. 1–41

Chapter 1
Bridging the gap between language acquisition and sociolinguistics

Introduction to an interdisciplinary topic

 | University of Münster
 | Laboratoire LIDILEM – Université Grenoble Alpes
 | Philipps-Universität Marburg
 | Laboratoire LIDILEM – Université Grenoble Alpes
Despite repeated calls for in-depth research, the acquisition of patterns of sociolinguistic variation has long been an underinvestigated topic both in sociolinguistics and in language acquisition research. With the exception of a few exploratory studies, most notably Labov (1964), it has long been rare for sociolinguistic research to focus on non-adults, whereas most research on language acquisition tended to take place in a sociolinguistic vacuum (see, e.g. Mills 1985: 142 and Labov 1989: 96 for statements to this effect). Over the last few years, however, the situation seems to be changing. Two reasons may be given for this: first, and quite trivially perhaps, technical advancements are making it possible to gather, store and explore data in cheap and efficient ways, providing researchers with the necessary data to conduct empirically sound research on the topic. And second, parallel to a paradigm shift from rule-based to usage-based conceptions of grammar, linguistic variation has moved into the centre of the attention of theoretical linguistics. As a result, the acquisition of variation can now be considered an ‘emergent topic’ in research on language variation in general.
The aim of this book is to offer a state-of-the-art of current research on the topic, thereby focusing on two particular objectives: (1) the acquisition of sociolinguistic variation presents itself as an interesting research topic for sociolinguists and psycholinguists working on acquisition, but also for a broad range of other sub-disciplines of linguistics, including historical linguistics, dialectology, and for researchers working in different theoretical frameworks. This book aims at bridging the gap between these disciplines and frameworks and allowing an interdisciplinary perspective on the topic; and (2) in order to enable cross-linguistic comparison, the book wants to bring together research carried out in different sociolinguistic constellations, as most obviously found in different language areas or different countries.
Keywords: language acquisition, psycholinguistics, language variation, sociolinguistics, cognition
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Research on the acquisition of variation before 2000
    • 2.1General characterisation: Three important lines of research
    • 2.2Second dialect acquisition and other attainment issues
    • 2.3Transmitting attitudes from caregivers to children
    • 2.4Children, adults, and language change
  • 3.Current trends in research on acquisition of variation
    • 3.1The acquisition of sociolinguistic variation as an emerging research field
    • 3.2From generative grammar to variable rules
    • 3.3Usage- and exemplar-based models
    • 3.4Sociolinguistic cognition and cognitive sociolinguistics
      • 3.4.1When sociolinguistics meets psycholinguistics
      • 3.4.2Cognitive sociolinguistics, sociolinguistic cognition, acquisition of variation
      • 3.4.3What sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics could bring to each other
  • 4.The need for cross-linguistic research: This book
    • 4.1Article summaries
    • 4.2General characterisation and future perspectives
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 30 September 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.20.01dev
References (159)
References
Allerup, Peter, Mogens Jansen, Henrik Löb, and Børge Prien. 1979. Retstavning: Nogle første analyser af folkeskolens afgangsprøve i 1978: Vol. III: Nogle statistiske analyser. København: Danmarks Pædagogiske Institut.Google Scholar
Ambridge, Ben, and Lieven, Elena V.M. 2011. Child Language Acquisition: Contrasting Theoretical Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ammon, Ulrich. 1989. “Aspects of Dialect and School in the Federal Republic of Germany.” In Dialect and Education: Some European Perspectives, ed. by Jenny Cheshire, Viv Edwards, Henk Münstermann, and Bert Weltens, 113–138. Clevedon, and Philadelphia: Multilingual matters.Google Scholar
Andler, Daniel. 2006. “Sciences Cognitives. Encyclopædia Universalis.” Accessed October 11, 2016. [URL]
Auer, Peter. 2005. “Europe's Sociolinguistic Unity, or: A Typology of European Dialect/Standard Constellations.” In Perspectives on Variation: Sociolinguistic, Historical, Comparative, ed. by Nicole Delbecque, Johan van der Auwera, and Dirk Geeraerts, 7–42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Auer, Peter, and Frans Hinskens. 2005. “The Role of Interpersonal Accommodation in a Theory of Language Change.” In Dialect Change: The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in Contemporary Societies, ed. by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, and Paul Kerswill, 335–357. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barbu, Stéphanie, Aurélie Nardy, Jean-Pierre Chevrot, and Jacques Juhel. 2013. “Language Evaluation and Use during Early Childhood: Adhesion to Social Norms or Integration of Environmental Regularities?” Linguistics 51 (2): 381–411. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beller, Sieghard, Andrea Bender, and Douglas L. Medin. 2012. “Should Anthropology Be Part of Cognitive Science?” Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (3): 342–353. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Basil. 1971–1975. Class, Codes and Control: Volume 1–3. St. Albans: Paladin. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Berthele, Raphael. 2002. “Learning a Second Dialect. A Model of Idiolectal Dissonance.” : Multilingual 21 (4): 327–344. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, Joel Winston, and Uta Frith. 2004. “Social Cognitive Neuroscience: Where Are We Heading?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (5): 216–222. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blom, Jan-Petter, and John J. Gumperz. 1972. “Social Meaning in Linguistic Structures: Code Switching in Northern Norway.” In Directions in Sociolinguistics, ed. by John J. Gumperz, and Dell Hymes, 407–434. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan, and Ben Rampton. 2011. “Language and Superdiversity.” Diversities 13 (2): 1–21.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. 2004. “The Role of Peer Interaction in Later Pragmatic Development: The Case of Speech Representation.” In Language Development across Childhood and Adolescence, ed. by Ruth A. Berman, 191–210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary. 1999. “‘Why Be Normal?’ Language and Identity Practices in a Community of Nerd Girls.” Language in Society 28 (2): 203–223. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Buson, Laurence. 2009. Variation stylistique entre 5 et 11 ans et réseaux de socialisation scolaire: Usages, représentations, acquisition et prise en compte éducative. Ph.D. Dissertation University of Grenoble.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan L. 2001a. “Frequency Effects on French Liaison.” In Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, ed. by Joan L. Bybee, and Paul J. Hopper, 337–359. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2001b. Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006. “From Usage to Grammar: The Mind's Response to Repetition.” Language 82 (4): 711–733. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bybee, Joan L., and Dan I. Slobin. 1982. “Rules and Schemas in the Development and Use of the English Past Tense.” Language 58 (2): 265–289. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn. 2010. “New Directions in sociolinguistic cognition.” In University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 15 (2): 31–39.Google Scholar
Chambers, J.K. 1988. “Acquisition of Phonological Variants.” In Methods in Dialectology: Proceedings of the 6. Internat. Conference Held at the Univ. College of North Wales, 3rd–7th August 1987, ed. by Alan Thomas, and Martin Ball, 650–665. Clevedon.Google Scholar
1992. “Dialect Acquisition.” Language 68 (4): 673–705. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2003. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Viv Edwards, Henk Münstermann, and Bert Weltens. 1989. “Introduction.” In Dialect and Education: Some European Perspectives, ed. by Jenny Cheshire, Viv Edwards, Henk Münstermann, and Bert Weltens, 113–138. Clevedon, and Philadelphia: Multilingual matters.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Jacomine Nortier, and David Adger. 2015. Emerging Multiethnolects in Europe. London: University of London.Google Scholar
Chevrot, Jean-Pierre. 1994. “La variation phonétique: Un point de vue cognitif.” Langage et société 70 (1): 5–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. “Que reste-t-il de la distinction compétence-performance dans les théories fondées sur l’usage?” Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 22 (‘L’éventail des compétences linguistiques et la (dé)valorisation des performances’): 49–68.Google Scholar
Chevrot, Jean-Pierre, Aurélie Nardy, and Stéphanie Barbu. 2011. “Developmental Dynamics of SES-Related Differences in Children’s Production of Obligatory and Variable Phonological Alternations.” Language Sciences 33 (1): 180–191. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chevrot, Jean-Pierre, Laurence Beaud, and Renata Varga. 2001. “Developmental Data on a French Sociolinguistic Variable: The Word-Final Post-Consonantal /R/.” Language Variation and Change 12 (3): 295–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chevrot, Jean-Pierre, and Paul Foulkes. 2013. “Introduction: Language Acquisition and Sociolinguistic Variation.” Linguistics 51 (2): 251–254. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Lynn. 2009. “Cognitive Sociolinguistics: A Viable Approach to Variation in Linguistic Theory.” Lacus Forum 33: 105–118.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2000. “Lingua Franca and Ethnolects in Europe and Beyond.” Sociolinguistica 14 (1): 83–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cole, Roger L. 1975. “Divergent and Convergent Attitudes towards the Alsatian Dialect.” Anthropological Linguistics 17 (6): 293–304.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, Georg. 1998. “Taal en onderwijs in Noord-Limburg in de Franse tijd (1794–1814).” Vereniging voor Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde 96: 3–30.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie, and Aafke Hulk. 2006. “External and Internal Factors in Bilingual and Bidialectal Language Development: Grammatical Gender of the Dutch Definite Determiner.” In L2 Acquisition and Creole Genesis: Dialogues, ed. by Claire Lefebvre, Lydia White, and Christine Jourdan, 355–378. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cremona, Cristiana, and Elizabeth Bates. 1977. “The Development of Attitudes toward Dialect in Italian Children.” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 6: 223–232.Google Scholar
Croft, William. 2000. Explaining language change. An evolutionary approach. Harlow: Pearson Longman.Google Scholar
Croft, William, and D. Alan Cruse. 2004. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Daan, Jo, Kas Deprez, Roeland van Hout, and Jan Stroop. 1985. Onze veranderende taal. Utrecht: Spectrum.Google Scholar
Day, Richard R. 1980. “The Development of Linguistic Attitudes and Preferences.” TESOL Quarterly 14 (1): 27–37. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2003. “Language Variation and Local Elements in Family Discourse.” Language Variation and Change 15 (3): 329–349. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Saussure, Ferdinand. 1916. Cours de linguistique générale, ed. by Charles Bally, and Albert Sechehaye. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
De Vogelaer, Gunther, and Guido Seiler. 2012. “The Dialect Laboratory: Introductory Remarks.” In The Dialect Lab: Using Dialects as a Testing Ground for Theories of Language Change, ed. by Gunther De Vogelaer, and Guido Seiler, 1–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Vogelaer, Gunther, and Jan Klom. 2013. “Mikrovariation beim Erwerb des niederländischen Genussystems.” In Dialektologie in neuem Gewand: Zu Mikro-/Varietätenlinguistik, Sprachenvergleich und Universalgrammatik, ed. by Werner Abraham, and Elisabeth Leiss, 141–169. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.Google Scholar
Díaz-Campos, Manuel. 2004. “Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variables in Spanish: Do Children Acquire Individual Lexical Forms or Variable Rules.” In Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology, ed. by Timothy L. Face, 221–236. Berlin, and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 2005. “The Emergence of Adult-like Command of Sociolinguistic Variables: A Study of Consonant Weakening in Spanish-Speaking Children.” In Selected Proceedings of the 6th Conference on the Acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese as First and Second Languages, ed. by David Eddington, 56–65. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Diessel, Holger. 2012. “New Perspectives, Theories and Methods: Diachronic Change and Language Acquisition.” In Historical Linguistics of English: An International Handbook, ed. by Alexander Bergs, and Laurel Brinton, 1599–1613. Berlin, and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Docherty, Gerard J., and Paul Foulkes. 2014. “An Evaluation of Usage-Based Approaches to the Modelling of Sociophonetic Variability.” Lingua 142: 42–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dorleijn, Margreet, Maarten Mous, and Jacomine Nortier. 2015. “Urban Youth Speech in Kenya and the Netherlands.” In Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century: Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces, ed. by Jacomine Nortier, and Bente A. Svendsen, 271–289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 1989. Jocks and Burnouts: Social Identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
. 1997. “Why Ethnography?” In Ungdomssprak i Norden, ed. by Ulla-Britt Kotsinas, Anna-Brita Stenstrom, and Anna-Malin Karlsson, 52–62. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
. 2004. “Adolescent Language.” In Language in the USA, ed. by Edward Finegan, and John R. Rickford, 361–374. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. “Three Waves of Variation Study: The Emergence of Meaning in the Study of Sociolinguistic Variation.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87–100. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ervin-Tripp, Susan M. 1973. “The Structure of Communicative Choice.” In Language Acquisition and communicative choice, ed. by Susan M. Ervin-Tripp, and Anwar S. Dil, 302–373. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Fasold, Ralph W. 1991. “The Quiet Demise of Variable Rules.” American Speech 66 (1): 3–21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Foulkes, Paul. 2010. “Exploring Social-Indexical Knowledge: A Long Past but a Short History.” Laboratory Phonology 1 (1): 5–40. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Foulkes, Paul, and Gerard J. Docherty. 2006. “The Social Life of Phonetics and Phonology.” Journal of Phonetics 34: 409–438. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Foulkes, Paul, Gerard J. Docherty, and Dominic J.L. Watt. 2001. “The Emergence of Structured Variation.” University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 7.3 – A Selection of Papers from NWAV 29: 67–84.Google Scholar
. 2005. “Phonological Variation in Child Directed Speech.” Language 81 (1): 177–206. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Garrett, Peter. 2007. “Language attitudes.” In The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, ed. by Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany, and Peter Stockwell, 116–121. London, and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Garrod, Simon, and Martin J. Pickering. 2004. “Why is conversation so easy?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (1): 8–11. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Geeraerts, Dirk. 2003. “Cultural Models of Linguistic Standardization.” In Cognitive Models in Language and Thought: Ideology, Metaphors, and Meaning, ed. by René Dirven, Roselyn Frank, and Martin Pütz, 25–68. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Geerts, Guido, Johan Nootens, and Jef van den Broeck. 1978. “Flemish Attitudes towards Dialect and Standard Language: A Public Opinion Poll.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 15 (1): 33–46. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ghimenton, Anna, Jean-Pierre Chevrot, and Jacqueline Billiez. 2013. “Language Choice Adjustments in Child Production during Dyadic and Multiparty Interactions: A Quantitative Approach to Multilingual Interactions.” Linguistics 51 (2): 413–438. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Giesbers, Herman. 1989. Code-switching tussen dialect en standaardtaal. Amsterdam: P.J. Meertens-Instituut.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard, Richard Bourhis, Alan Lewis, and Peter Trudgill. 1974. “The Imposed Norm Hypothesis: A Validation.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (4): 405–410. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Yetla, and Kenneth Goodman. 1981. “Twenty Questions about Teaching Language.” Educational Leadership 38: 437–443.Google Scholar
Gregoire, Henri-Baptiste. 1794. Rapport sur la nécessité et les moyens d'anéantir les patois et d'universaliser la langue française. Paris.Google Scholar
Gülzow, Insa, and Natalia Gagarina. 2011. Frequency Effects in Language Acquisition: Defining the Limits of Frequency as an Explanatory Concept. Berlin, and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Häcki Buhofer, Annelies, and Harald Burger. 1998. Wie Deutschschweizer Kinder Hochdeutsch lernen: Der ungesteuerte Erwerb des gesprochenen Hochdeutschen durch Deutschschweizer Kinder zwischen sechs und acht Jahren. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Halle, Morris. 1962. “Phonology in Generative Grammar.” Word 18: 54–72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Henry, Alison. 1995. Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting. Oxford, and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hinskens, Frans, Peter Auer, and Paul Kerswill. 2005. “The Study of Dialect Convergence and Divergence: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations.” In The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in Contemporary Societies, ed. by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, and Paul Kerswill, 1–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hollingworth, Brian. 1989. “Education and the Vernacular.” In Dialect and Education: Some European Perspectives, ed. by Cheshire, Jenny, Viv Edwards, Henk Münstermann, and Bert Weltens, 293–302. Clevedon: Multilingual matters.Google Scholar
Hoyle, Susan M., and Carolyn T. Adger. 1998. “Introduction.” In Kids Talk: Strategic Language Use in Later Childhood, ed. by Susan M. Hoyle, and Carolyn T. Adger, 3–22. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hyams, Nina M. 1986. Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht et al.: Reidel. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Janssen, Hans. 1943. Leben und Macht der Mundart in Niedersachsen. Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling.Google Scholar
Jones, Peter E. 2013. “Bernstein’s ‘Codes’ and the Linguistics of ‘Deficit’.” Language and Education 27 (2): 161–179. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Katerbow, Matthias. 2013. Spracherwerb und Sprachvariation: Eine phonetisch-phonologische Analyse zum regionalen Erstspracherwerb im Moselfränkischen. Berlin, and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Katerbow, Matthias, Lena Eichele, and Christina Kauschke. 2011. “Einstellungen zu kindlicher Sprachvariation: Eine empirische Studie zur Fremdbewertung regionalsprachlicher und/oder störungsbedingter Variation von Kindern.” Linguistische Berichte 228: 467–484.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Laurence, and Fabrice Clément. 2011. “L’esprit des sociétés. Bilan et perspectives en sociologie cognitive.” In La sociologie cognitive, ed. by Laurence Kaufmann, and Fabrice Clément, 7–40. Paris: Ophrys.Google Scholar
Kemmer, Suzanne, and Michael Barlow. 2000. “Introduction: A Usage-Based Conception of Language.” In Usage-based Models of Language Use, ed. by Michael Barlow, and Suzanne Kemmer, VII–XXVIII. Stanford: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Kemmer, Suzanne, and Michael Israel. 1994. “Variation and the Usage-Based Model.” In Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society: Para-Session on Variation and Linguistic Theory: Vol. 2, ed. by Katherine Beals, Jeannette Denton, Robert Knippen, Lynette Melnar, Hisami Suzuki, and Erica Zeinfeld, 165–179. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
Kern, Friederike, and Margret Selting. 2011. Ethnic Styles in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 1996. “Children, Adolescents, and Language Change.” Language Variation and Change 8 (2): 177–202. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2007. “Social Class.” In The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, ed. by Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell, 51–61. London, and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul, and Ann Williams. 2000. “Creating a New Town Koine: Children and Language Change in Milton Keynes.” Language in Society 29 (1): 65–115. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kinzler, Katherine D., and Jasmine M. DeJesus. 2013. “Northern = Smart and Southern = Nice: The Development of Accent Attitudes in the United States.” The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 66 (6): 1146–1158. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, Gitte, and René Dirven. 2008. Cognitive Sociolinguistics: Language Variation, Cultural Models, Social Systems. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, Tore, and Jens Normann Jørgensen. 2011. “Subjective Factors in Dialect Convergence and Divergence.” In Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, ed. by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, and Paul Kerswill, 287–302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kroon, Sjaak, and Ton Vallen. 2009. “Discoursen over dialect en school.” In De klank van de stad: Stedelijke meertaligheid en interculturele communicatie, ed. by Jürgen Jaspers, 165–181. Leuven: Acco.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1964. “Stages in the Acquisition of Standard English.” In Social Dialects and Language Learning, ed. by Roger W. Shuy, Alva Davis, Robert Hogan, 77–103. Champaign: National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
. 1972a. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
. 1972b. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
. 1989. “The Child as Linguistic Historian.” Language Variation and Change 1 (1): 85–97. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2007. “Transmission and Diffusion.” Language 83 (2): 344–387. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2014. “What Is to Be Learned? The Community as the Focus of Social Cognition.” In Cognitive Sociolinguistics: Social and Cultural Variation in Cognition and Language Use, ed. by Martin Pütz, Justyna A. Robinson, and Monika Reif, 23–51. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lacoste, Véronique, and Lisa Green. 2016. “Child Language Variation: Sociolinguistic and Formal Approaches.” Linguistic Variation 16: 1–11. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lafontaine, Dominique. 1986. Le Parti Pris des Mots. Bruxelles: Mardaga.Google Scholar
Laks, Bernard. 2013. “Why is There Variation Rather than Nothing?” Language Sciences 39: 31–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 2012. “The Original Sin of Cognitive Science.” Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (3): 396–403. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, David. 1999. The Development of Language: Acquisition, Change, and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Loudermilk, Brandon C. 2013. “Psycholinguistic Approaches.” In The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas, 132–152. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Ronald K.S. 1977. Language, Social Class, and Education: A Glasgow Study. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Makoni, Sinfree, and Alastair Pennycook. 2007. “Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages.” In Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages, ed. by Sinfree Makoni, and Alastair Pennycook, 1–41. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Martin, Nathaël. 2005. Réseaux sociaux et variations phonétiques. Grenoble: Université Stendhal Master 1 dissertation.Google Scholar
Martin, Nathaël, Jean-Pierre Chevrot, and Stéphanie Barbu. 2010. “Stylistic Variations in the Social Network of a 10-Year-Old Child: Pragmatic Adjustments or Automatic Alignment?” Journal of Sociolinguistics 14 (5): 678–692. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Martino, Josephine. 1982. “The Phoneme /θ/ and Its Alternative Realization as /f/: A Study of Variation in Australian English among Primary School Boys, According to Socio-Economic Background.” Working Papers in Linguistics 8: 39–42.Google Scholar
Mattheier, Klaus J. 1980. Pragmatik und Soziologie der Dialekte: Einführung in die kommunikative Dialektologie des Deutschen. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.Google Scholar
Mills, Anne E. 1985. “The Acquisition of German.” In: The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, ed. by Dan I. Slobin, 141–254. Hillsdals: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
1986. The Acquisition of Gender. A Study of English and German. Berlin: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Molénat, Xavier. 2012. “Les sociologues à l’assaut de l’esprit.” Sciences humaines 233 (1): 14–14.Google Scholar
Møller, Janus Spindler, and Jens Normann Jørgensen. 2009. “From Language to Languaging: Changing Relations between Humans and Linguistic Features.” Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 41: 143–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morgan, David L., and Michael L. Schwalbe. 1990. “Mind and Self in Society: Linking Social Structure and Social Cognition.” Social Psychology Quarterly 3 (2): 148–164. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Munson, Benjamin. 2010. “Levels of Phonological Abstraction and Knowledge of Socially Motivated Speech-Sound Variation.” Laboratory Phonology 1 (1): 157–177. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nardy, Aurélie. 2008. Acquisition des variables sociolinguistiques entre 2 et 6 ans: facteurs sociologiques et influences des interactions au sein du réseau social. Grenoble: Université Stendhal Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Nardy, Aurélie, Jean-Pierre Chevrot, and Stéphanie Barbu. 2013. “The Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variation: Looking Back and thinking Ahead.” Linguistics 51 (2): 255–284. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2014. “Sociolinguistic Convergence and Social Interactions within a Group of Preschoolers: A Longitudinal Study.” Language Variation and Change 26 (3): 273–301. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ostermai, Guido. 2000. Sprachvariation im Grenzbereich: Eine Untersuchung zur Standardsprache nordwestschweizerischer und südbadischer PrimarschülerInnen. Aarau: Sauerländer.Google Scholar
Patterson, Janet Lee. 1992. The Development of Sociolinguistic Phonological Variation Patterns for (ing) in Young Children. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Paul, Hermann. 1886. Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. Halle: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Payne, Arvilla. 1976. The Acquisition of the Phonological System of a Second Dialect. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet. 2001. “Stochastic Phonology.” GLOT 5 (6): 1–13.Google Scholar
. 2002. “Word-Specific Phonetics.” In Laboratory Phonology: Vol. VII, ed. by Carlos Gussenhoven, and Natasha Warner, 101–139. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2003. “Phonetic Diversity, Statistical Learning, and Acquisition of Phonology.” Language and Speech 46 (2–3): 115–154. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2006. “The Next Toolkit.” Journal of Phonetics 34 (6): 516–530. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pinker, Steven. 1999. Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana, Lauren Zentz, and Nathalie Dion. 2012. “Phrase-Final Prepositions in Quebec French: An Empirical Study of Contact, Code-Switching and Resistance to Convergence.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15 (2): 203–225. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Quéré, Louis. 2008. “How Could Trust be Restored to Nature?” Intellectica 46–47: 105–122.Google Scholar
Reid, Euan. 1978. “Social and Stylistic Variation in the Speech of Children: Some Evidence from Edinburgh.” In Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English, ed. by Peter Trudgill, 158–171. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Roberts, Julie. 1994. Acquisition of Variable Rules: (-t,d) Deletion and (ing) Production in Preschool Children. Philadelphia: Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
. 1997. “Acquisition of Variable Rules: A study of (-t, d) Deletion in Preschool Children.” Journal of Child Language 24 (2): 351–372. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rodina, Yulia, and Marit Westergaard. 2013. “The Acquisition of Gender and Declension Class in a Non-Transparent System: Monolinguals and Bilinguals.” Studia Linguistica 67 (1): 47–67. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 1984. The Language of Children and Adolescents: The Acquisition of Communicative Competence. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Peter. 1989. “Dialect and Education in West Germany.” In Dialect and Education: Some European Perspectives, ed. by Jenny Cheshire, Viv Edwards, Henk Münstermann, and Bert Weltens, 62–93. Clevedon, and Philadelphia: Multilingual matters.Google Scholar
Rys, Kathy. 2007. Dialect as a Second Language: Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Factors in Secondary Dialect Acquisition by Children and Adolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ghent University.Google Scholar
Sankoff, Gillian, and Hélène Blondeau. 2007. “Longitudinal Change across the Lifespan: R in Montreal French.” Language 83 (3): 560–588. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schulte Kemminghausen, Karl. 1939. Mundart und Hochsprache in Norddeutschland. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Schultze, Fritz. 1880. “Die Sprache des Kindes: Eine Anregung zur Erforschung des Gegenstandes.” Darwinistische Schriften 10: 1–46.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2010. Second Dialect Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jennifer, Mercedes Durham, and Liane Fortune. 2007. ““Mam, My Trousers is Fa’in Doon!”: Community, Caregiver, and Child in the Acquisition of Variation in a Scottish Dialect.” Language Variation and Change 19 (1): 63–99. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jennifer, Mercedes Durham, and Hazel M. Richards. 2013. “The social and linguistic in the acquisition of sociolinguistic variation.” Linguistics 51 (2): 258–324. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Squires, Lauren. 2013. “It Don’t Go Both Ways: Limited Bidirectionality in Sociolinguistic Perception.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 17 (2): 200–237. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stern, Otto. 1988. “Divergence and Convergence of Dialect and Standard from the Perspective of the Language Learner. Standard Language Acquisition by the Swiss-German Dialect Speaking Child.” In Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, ed. by Peter Auer, and Aldo Di Luzio, 134–156. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tesink, Cathelijne, Karl-Magnus Petersson, Jos Van Berkum, Danielle Van den Brink, Jan Buitelaar, and Peter Hagoort. 2009. “Unification of Speaker and Meaning in Language Comprehension: An fMRI Study.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 (11): 2085–2099. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, Michael. 2003. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, and London: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in contact. Oxford, and New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Valian Virginia, and Andrea Levitt. 1996. Prosody and Adults’ Learning of Syntactic Structure. Journal of Memory and Language 35: 497–516. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Van Berkum, Jos, Danielle Van den Brink, Cathelijne Tesink, Miriam Kos, and Peter Hagoort. 2008. “The Neural Integration of Speaker and Message.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20 (4): 580–591. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vihman, Marilyn M. 1980. “Sound Change and Child Language.” In Papers from the 4th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca La Brum, and Susan Shepherd, 303–320. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Weijnen, Antoon. 1967. “Sociodialectologische onderzoekingen in Limburg.” In ‘Taalsociologie’: Bijdragen en Mededelingen der Dialectencommissie van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, ed. by Jo Daan, and Antoon Weijnen, 16–27. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandse Uitgeversmaatschappij.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin Herzog. 1968. “Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change.” Directions for Historical Linguistics, ed. by Winfried Lehmann, and Yakov Malkiel, 95–195. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Westergaard, Marit R. 2004. “The Interaction of Input and UG in the Acquisition of Verb Movement in a Dialect of Norwegian.” Nordlyd 32: 110–134.Google Scholar
Wiese, Heike. 2013. “What Can New Urban Dialects Tell Us about Internal Language Dynamics? The Power of Language Diversity.” In Dialektologie in neuem Gewand: Zu Mikro-/Varietätenlinguistik, Sprachenvergleich und Universalgrammatik, ed. by Werner Abraham, and Elisabeth Leiss, 207–245. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.Google Scholar
Wilson, John, and Alison Henry. 1998. “Parameter Setting within a Socially Realistic Linguistics.” Language in Society 27: 1–21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yang, Charles. 2000. “Internal and External Forces in Language Change.” Language Variation and Change 12: 231–250. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2010. “Three Factors in Language Variation.” Lingua 120: 1160–1177. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by (9)

Cited by nine other publications

Schmalz, Mirjam
2023. Teachers’ language attitudes and production patterns in St. Kitts. World Englishes 42:1 ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
Jeffries, Ella
2022. 5–9-year-olds categorisation of regional accents: The role of exposure to variation. Lingua 267 ► pp. 103189 ff. DOI logo
Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane, Enkeleida Kapia, Conceição Cunha & Jonathan Harrington
2022. Vowels in urban and rural Albanian: the case of the Southern Gheg dialect. Phonetica 79:5 ► pp. 459 ff. DOI logo
Shin, Naomi & Karen Miller
2022. Children’s Acquisition of Morphosyntactic Variation. Language Learning and Development 18:2 ► pp. 125 ff. DOI logo
Ender, Andrea
2021. Chapter 11. The standard-dialect repertoire of second language users in German-speaking Switzerland. In Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Acquisition across the Lifespan [Studies in Language Variation, 26], ► pp. 252 ff. DOI logo
Smith, Jennifer
2021. Chapter 1. Child language acquisition and sociolinguistic variation. In Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Acquisition across the Lifespan [Studies in Language Variation, 26], ► pp. 12 ff. DOI logo
Zenner, Eline, Laura Rosseel & Dirk Speelman
2021. Starman or Sterrenman: An acquisitional perspective on the social meaning of English in Flanders. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:3 ► pp. 568 ff. DOI logo
Chevrot, Jean‐Pierre, Katie Drager & Paul Foulkes
2018. Editors’ Introduction and Review: Sociolinguistic Variation and Cognitive Science. Topics in Cognitive Science 10:4 ► pp. 679 ff. DOI logo
Ghyselen, Anne-Sophie & Gunther De Vogelaer
2018. Seeking Systematicity in Variation: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations on the “Variety” Concept. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.