Subject index

• accent discrimination 43–49, 52, 56–57, 59–60

• accent identification 43, 46–48, 52, 56–57, 59–61

• accent perception 44, 47, 59, 119

• adjectival predicate 111–113

• adolescents 3, 8, 10–13, 29–31, 68–69, 92, 117, 119–120, 124–125, 128, 135, 138–139, 142, 144–145, 147, 185–186, 204–206, 298–299, 306, 308–309, 313–314, 316–317, 320, 322, 329, 332–337

• adolescence 3, 8, 31, 117–119, 121, 131, 143–144, 146–147, 189, 191, 204–205

• African American English (AAE) 29–30, 118, 185–192, 194–197, 199–200, 204–206

• alignment 25, 161, 178, 256, 310, 332, 335

• apparent-time 3, 11, 311

• attention paid to speech 24, 305, 307, 314, 328, 330, 337

• attitudes 4, 6, 9–11, 22, 30, 66, 85, 117–120, 122–129, 131–134, 136, 138–139, 141, 143–147, 158, 161, 169, 214–216, 251, 269, 281, 310, 314

• bilectalism 31, 236–238, 240–244, 247–251, 253, 256, 260

• bilingualism 50, 159, 218, 224, 236–237, 239, 241–242, 252, 255, 260

• change-in-progress 3, 147

• child-directed speech / child-adressed speech 23, 44, 76, 78, 102, 213, 215, 219–221

• childhood 3, 30, 45, 47, 56, 82, 118–119, 189, 193

• clitics 164, 184, 235–237, 241–251, 253–255, 258–259

• cognitive sociolinguistics 21–22

• comparative variationist approach 312, 318

• competing motivations 28, 235, 237, 241, 251–254, 259–260

• complexity 8–9, 12, 27, 79, 94, 117, 158, 179, 239, 252, 305, 308, 310, 328–329, 336–337

• constraint 16–17, 19, 24, 27–29, 44, 91, 94, 102, 107, 109, 112–113, 163, 305–307, 310–313, 315–316, 318, 322–330, 336–337

• constraint strength 326, 328, 337

• constructions 17, 21, 30–31, 49, 109, 11, 114, 144, 156, 158–159, 163–165, 169, 171–172, 175–180, 184, 213–215, 224, 307, 310–311, 331

• Critical Period Hypothesis 3, 9, 252, 298

• cross-linguistic 1, 4, 15, 22, 26, 242, 252

• Cyprus 31, 235–237, 239–244, 246–260

• development 5, 7–8, 11–12, 14, 17–18, 23, 25, 29–31, 45, 60, 68–69, 74, 83, 92, 94, 108, 117–120, 129, 131, 135, 139, 144–145, 147–148, 156–158, 179, 185, 205, 214–215, 223–224, 235–238, 241–243, 246–247, 251–254, 257, 259–260, 273, 292, 306–307, 311–312, 319, 326

• developmental psychology147

• diaglossia 7–8, 29–30, 121, 240

• dialect 3–10, 12, 14–15, 23, 31–32, 44–46, 49, 51–52, 54, 58–61, 92, 95–97, 99, 103, 120–123, 125, 138, 142–144, 147, 155–180, 184–185, 187, 194, 197, 200, 204, 216, 236, 238–241, 250, 254–255, 258, 263, 267–301, 329

• Dialect Density Measure191

• diglossia 7, 122, 159, 236, 239, 247

• discourse marker (DM) 74–77, 83–85

• Dutch 5, 10, 91–98, 100–104, 106, 109, 111–113, 117, 120–126, 129–130, 132–133, 135–143, 145–146, 152, 216, 240, 262, 267, 269–270, 274–283, 285, 293, 300

• education 4–7, 10, 25, 67, 84, 95–96, 98–99, 112, 121, 144, 158, 162–163, 185–190, 205–206, 238–239, 253, 255, 259, 279, 334

• emergentist14

• exemplar 3, 9, 13, 17, 22, 29–30, 270–271, 273–276, 294–296, 298, 300–301

• exposure 29, 43–44, 46–47, 49–52, 54–58, 60–61, 118, 124, 143, 158–159, 189–190, 200–201, 204–205, 213–215, 221, 224, 228, 241, 253–255, 308–310

• family 10, 24–25, 29–30, 44, 49, 50, 57–59, 68, 123–124, 127, 162–163, 167, 177, 187, 190, 213–214, 216–219, 224, 226–227, 229–230, 242, 269, 282

• Flemish 5, 8, 35, 97, 117, 120–122, 125–126, 129–130, 132–133, 135–142, 144, 146, 267–268, 270, 279–282, 293

• French 5, 10, 24, 45, 73–75, 79–80, 84, 120, 122, 158, 216, 236, 311

• gender 9, 15, 23–25, 46, 99, 127, 131, 158, 171–173, 191, 195–196, 204, 243, 247, 281–282, 310, 316

• generative 2–3, 6, 11, 14, 16, 93, 101, 270

• German 5, 7, 10, 29, 95, 97, 155–160, 162–163, 165–176, 180, 224, 240

• grammatical category 9, 29, 305, 307, 315–317, 319–330, 336

• Greek 31, 235–237, 239–244, 246–250, 253–260

• Heerlen Dutch 29, 92–93, 95–103, 105–108, 110–113

• I-language 2–3, 14

• identity 9, 12, 24–25, 29–30, 32, 68, 79, 86, 99, 118, 124, 144, 158–159, 178, 186, 189, 205, 298, 305, 307, 310–311, 331–337

• ideologies 21–22, 99, 132, 205, 214

• immigrant 29, 79, 157, 159–160, 167, 187, 298, 305–306, 308–310, 312–314, 316, 319, 334, 336

• immigration 163, 308

• Imposed Norm Hypothesis11

• infinitive 31, 93, 96–97, 100–102, 106, 109–113, 159, 283

• input 3, 8, 11, 13–17, 25, 29–31, 43, 45, 49, 58, 92, 94–95, 102, 107–109, 111–113, 157–159, 161–162, 165, 170, 174, 177, 179, 225, 228, 236, 240–241, 250, 253–255, 273, 275–276, 305, 324, 328–329, 337

• interdisciplinary 1, 4, 308

• internal constraints 94, 107, 112

• Italian 10, 46, 73, 118, 124, 213–214, 216–230, 242

• Italy 82, 213, 216–217

• kindergarten 10, 25, 48, 50, 190

• koineisation 12–13

• language attitudes 123–124, 144–147

• language awareness 7, 257

• language change 3, 6, 11–13, 66, 185

• language choice 160, 213, 215, 224, 228, 230

• lexical frequency 307, 320, 321, 323, 325, 327

• London 305–308, 310, 313–327, 332–336

• longitudinal 25, 118, 180, 185–187, 190–191, 193–195, 204, 242

• memory-based 31, 267, 270–271, 275, 293, 300

• metalinguistic (awareness) 31, 164, 235, 237, 241, 248, 255–256, 259, 333

• modal 91–93, 95–97, 100–101, 103–104, 106–113, 159, 164, 177, 184

• modal verb cluster 97, 101, 103–104, 106–108, 111–113

• morphology 7, 96, 101–102, 112–113, 258, 311

• morphological 159, 164, 172, 176–177, 187, 235, 250, 257

• nativist14

• neighbourhood effects 274, 278, 286, 300

• parameter 15, 19, 99, 129, 252

• participle 31, 93, 96–97, 101–102, 106, 109–113, 317, 319, 321, 322, 325

• peer group 8–9, 11, 25, 30–31, 67, 69, 118–119, 123, 144–145, 189, 269, 280–282, 329

• perfective auxiliary 31, 92, 101

• perfective verb clusters 29, 91, 96–98, 100–106, 108–109, 111–113

• personal integrity 122–123, 129, 134, 137–141

• picture completion task 103, 106

• Polish 308–310, 314–317, 319, 323–325, 327, 332, 334–336

• pragmatic 14, 68, 74–75, 159, 215, 228

• prestige 6, 11, 31, 117–120, 122–123, 127–146, 254–255, 260, 268–269, 273, 279

• processing 14, 18, 20, 22, 43, 161, 174, 270, 275, 283, 301

• recasts 213, 219, 223–228, 230

• regional variation 5, 43–50, 52, 54, 56–57, 60–61, 122, 187

• relativization 164–165, 171–177, 179, 184

• rigid word order 31, 91, 95, 98, 100–101, 103–109, 111–113

• rule-based 1, 9, 18–19, 31, 267, 270–274, 289, 296–297, 301

• S-curve 267, 270–273, 278, 287, 289, 296–299, 301

• schema 14, 17, 19, 29–30

• school 6–7, 10, 30, 44–45, 50, 53, 65, 68–77, 80, 82–85, 87, 118–119, 123, 126, 143–144, 146–147, 185–192, 195–196, 198–206, 239–240, 243–244, 246–247, 254, 256, 259, 269, 273, 279, 281–283, 308–309, 313–314

• second dialect 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 32, 144, 164, 267–271, 273–275, 280–281, 283, 285–286, 296, 298, 301

• second language 3, 9, 12, 31, 96, 155–159, 161–162, 166, 174–175, 177–180, 267–268, 296–297, 305, 307, 329

• segregation 69, 186, 188, 204–206

• social attractiveness 122–123, 128, 136–139, 141–142, 145

• social connotations (hypothesis)79

• social constraints 17, 24, 94, 102, 112, 315–316

• socioeconomic status (SES) 24–25

• social network 65–70, 74, 83, 186, 205, 310, 319

• socialization, socialisation 6, 10, 65, 69–70, 85–87, 123, 213–214, 230

• socio-indexical information 18–19, 43

• sociolinguistic cognition 21–22

• sociolinguistic competence 8, 118–119, 134, 147, 158, 305

• solidarity 67–68, 122–123, 127, 141

• Southern American English53

• Southern Vowel Shift 196–197

• spontaneous speech 92, 95–96, 102, 217

• stages of (dialect) acquisition 18, 273, 289, 297, 299, 301, 310, 319

• status 2, 13, 24, 46, 75, 81, 83, 85, 122, 127, 142, 174, 217, 223–224, 238–239, 250, 256, 259

• style 8, 30–31, 65, 78–80, 83–85, 156, 190, 201, 206, 213, 305, 307, 314, 316–317, 320–322, 325–328, 330–333, 335–337

• stylisation 80–81, 86–87, 123, 131, 337

• stylistic resource 305–307, 313, 331, 336–337

• Switzerland 7, 156, 159–160, 162–163, 166, 170, 177, 240

• syntactic variation 92, 101

• T-glottalling 305–306, 309–310, 313, 315–317, 319–320, 322–326, 328–336

• teenagers 29, 65, 260, 305, 307–308, 310, 312–314, 316–317, 321, 323–325, 327, 332–333, 335–337

• toddlers 67, 119, 214

• transmission 3, 6, 9–12, 24, 230

• two-verb cluster 91–97, 99–103, 106–109, 111–113

• United Kingdom (UK) 45, 308, 314, 330, 332, 335

• United States 45, 47, 50, 187, 196–197

• Universal Grammar (UG) 14–16, 18–19

• Usage-Based (UB) 1, 14, 16–19, 35, 37, 40, 232–233

• variable rule 8, 13, 16–17, 19, 93, 319

• variable word order 91, 95, 98–102, 106–108, 112

• Veneto 124, 213–214, 216–230

• verb cluster 29, 91–97, 99–103, 106–109, 112–113

• word frequency 305, 315–317, 324, 329, 336

• word order 27, 31, 91–92, 94–96, 98–103, 105–109, 112–113, 159, 164, 177, 184, 236