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Part of
Intermediate Language Varieties: Koinai and regional standards in Europe
Edited by Massimo Cerruti and Stavroula Tsiplakou
[Studies in Language Variation 24] 2020
► pp. 253–258

Index

A

  • Abstandsprache 3, 128
  • accommodation 10, 11, 12, 13, 98, 185
  • acquisition 12, 20, 88, 92, 93, 163, 204, 205, 213, 214, 215, 217
    • language acquisition 12, 88, 113, 185
  • advergence 8, 13, 150, 205, 214n14 ; see also convergence, divergence, homogenisation
  • age 16, 19, 60, 62, 117, 118, 164, 173, 174, 176, 177, 186, 193, 194, 207, 214, 223, 224, 236 ; see also social variable
  • Alemannic see German
  • Ammochostos see Famagusta
  • Andalusia 5, 19, 150, 151, 158, 159, 161, 163, 165, 187 ; see also Spain, Seville, Malaga
  • Andalusian see also Seseo, Ceceo, Heheo see Spanish
  • Antwerp8 see also Flanders
  • apparent time 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 75, 114, 115 ; see also real time
  • Aragonese3 see also Spanish
  • attitude 12, 15, 35, 46, 47, 58, 94, 119, 161, 186, 195, 198, 238, 239, 248n14
  • Austria 18, 81n3, 82, 104, 105
  • awareness 12, 19, 41, 47, 48, 58, 142, 195, 196, 220, 222

B

  • base dialect see also primary dialect, secondary dialect, tertiary dialect under dialect see dialect
  • basilectal 4, 7, 13, 21, 204, 206, 207, 208, 211, 218, 222, 239, 243, 248 ; see also dialect
  • Bavaria 87, 103, 108 ; see also Germany
  • Bavarian see German
  • bidialectalism 29, 37, 213
    • bidialectal 213, 217 ; see also diaglossia, diglossia, dilalia
  • bidialectism see bidialectalism
  • Bokmål see Norwegian
  • bricolage 14, 16, 43, 43n5, 207n6 ; see also polylanguaging, translanguaging

C

  • Canary 20, 22, 152, 155, 162, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188 ; see also Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
  • Castilian see Spanish
  • Ceceo 19, 153, 154, 155, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170 ; see also Andalusian under Spanish, Seseo, Heheo
  • co-occurrence 1, 14, 32, 44, 56, 83, 132, 166
  • codification 6, 7, 130
  • coherence 13, 14, 15, 19, 22, 39n4, 43, 47, 56, 58, 150, 151, 164, 166, 168 ; see also stability
  • community 11, 19, 21, 39n4, 93, 97, 98, 110, 150, 164, 165, 173, 177, 185, 188, 191, 195, 231, 232, 233, 234, 244
  • competence 12, 17, 79, 83, 85, 91, 97, 105, 107, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 186, 244, 245
  • Consistency Theory97
  • constraint 13, 132, 133, 141, 150, 192
  • construction 18, 40, 41, 45, 94, 119, 121, 137n11, 138, 139, 140, 184, 203, 207n6
    • social construction 40, 41, 45
    • social constructionist43
  • contact 2, 5, 7, 9, 15, 18, 21, 32, 36n2, 37, 104, 105, 109, 126, 128, 129, 131, 136, 137, 138, 143, 184, 193, 206, 233, 250
  • continuum 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, 36n2, 38, 56, 91, 105, 110, 111, 128, 129, 131, 151, 162, 163, 204, 206, 207, 208n8, 208n9, 248
    • dialect-standard continuum 4, 16, 36n2, 39, 104, 105, 107, 109
    • post-dialect continuum 4, 58
  • convergence 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 58, 104, 105, 129, 137, 160, 161n3, 162, 163, 164, 204, 205, 208, 216
    • horizontal convergence 19, 37, 150
    • vertical convergence 29, 31, 39, 150, 151, 152 ; see also advergence, divergence, homogenisation
  • corpus 18, 23, 109, 112, 113, 134, 134n8, 141, 141n14, 190, 212, 237, 238
  • covert prestige see prestige
  • creolisation148
  • cultural similarity 17, 96
  • Cypriot Greek
    • Cypriot Romeika see Greek
     see Greek
  • Cyprus 1, 3, 8, 13, 21, 22, 203, 218, 231, 232n1, 233, 236, 243, 244, 249 ; see also Karpasia, Larnaca, Famagusta, Louroutzina, Paphos, Tilliria

D

  • Danish 6, 31, 40, 41, 47, 48
    • new Copenhagen standard 5, 6
  • de-dialectalisation131
  • demotisation 4, 5, 6, 18, 38, 130, 130n5, 133, 143
  • Denmark 3, 5, 16, 31, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48
  • destandardisation38 see also standard
  • dhimotikí see Greek
  • diachrony58
    • diachronic 63, 69, 82, 83n5, 88, 119, 139
  • diaglossia 2, 3, 13, 16, 55, 151, 208n8 ; see also bidialectalism, dilalia, diglossia
  • dialect 1, 2, 3, 10, 33, 34, 40, 43, 47, 55, 80, 81, 85, 87, 96, 103, 104, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 162, 184, 204, 205
    • base dialect 2, 3, 4, 16, 55, 79, 80, 128, 128n2, 129, 131, 152, 208n8
    • dialect acceptance36
    • dialect levelling 6, 13, 15, 16, 32, 36, 36n2, 37, 42, 43, 47, 56, 57, 60, 63, 70
    • dialect loss 3, 4, 16, 55, 57, 63, 103
    • dialect reduction 104, 105, 107, 110
    • dialect-standard continuum see continuum
    • primary dialect 18, 126, 128, 131, 137, 138, 140, 143
    • secondary dialect 130, 131, 133, 137, 138, 140, 143
    • tertiary dialect 130, 140, 143 ; see also basilectal, de-dialectalisation, dialectality, regiolect, intermediate variety
  • dialectality 67, 69, 83, 84, 92, 97 ; see also dialect
  • diffusion 8, 10, 11, 19, 22, 128, 131, 138, 141, 142, 152, 232, 250
  • diglossia 2, 3, 15, 34, 203, 205, 208n8, 247 ; see also bidialectalism, diaglossia, dilalia
  • dilalia 3, 13, 128 ; see also bidialectalism, diaglossia, diglossia
  • divergence 25, 105, 137, 152, 183 ; see also advergence, convergence
  • domain 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 15, 34, 37, 57, 128, 208n8, 212, 235, 238, 243, 244, 247
  • double-standard see standard
  • Dutch 2, 6, 8, 16, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 74, 75
    • Flemish 3, 8, 57, 58, 59
    • Hollandic 16, 17, 55, 56, 57, 63, 65, 66n12, 74, 75
    • Limburg (dialects) 17, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 75
    • Poldernederlands 16, 74
    • tussentaal 6, 7, 8, 58

E

  • East Franconian see German
  • East Low German see German
  • East Middle German see German
  • East Upper German see German
  • educated see education
  • education 6, 19, 21, 33, 38, 154, 158, 160, 161, 165, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 193, 214, 222, 223, 224, 243, 248
    • educated 5, 58, 80, 81n4, 113, 130, 131, 152, 171, 206, 213, 217, 220, 225
    • uneducated 81, 131, 132, 133, 138, 143, 243
  • elicitation 60, 105, 118, 203, 204, 218
  • emblematic 16, 55, 56, 75
  • emic 13, 46 ; see also etic
  • enclave 231, 232, 249
  • England 3, 8, 94, 152 ; see also Milton Keynes
  • English 8, 34, 190, 214n14
  • enregisterment 12, 15, 16, 31, 32, 45
  • epistemic interests44
  • español común see Spanish
  • etic46 see also emic
  • external variable see also social variable see variable
  • extralinguistic 8, 10, 13, 15, 20, 23, 80, 92, 94, 206

F

  • factor analysis 16, 70, 168
  • Famagusta 21, 206, 218, 220, 222, 225, 242, 246 ; see also Cyprus
  • feature 10, 14, 36n2, 107, 108
    • feature pool 14, 36n2
    • primary feature 10, 107, 108
    • secondary feature 10, 107, 108
    • tertiary feature108 see also salient, selection
  • feature pool see also linguistic repertoire, linguistic resource see feature
  • Flanders 6, 8 ; see also Antwerp
  • Flemish see Dutch
  • Florentine see Italo-Romance dialect
  • focus 9, 43, 44, 139, 204, 205, 209n10, 211, 212, 213, 214 ; see also unfocused
  • formal 5, 7, 15, 18, 34, 35, 36, 82, 90, 106, 110, 118, 120, 121, 128, 130, 131, 141, 212, 244 ; see also informal, register
  • France 3, 40, 152
  • French 3, 40, 184 ; see also Occitan, Provençal
  • frequency 10, 11, 17, 18, 20, 22, 85, 104, 115, 116, 119, 121, 139, 158, 160, 162, 188, 190, 191, 192, 198, 208n9, 211n11, 239 ; see also salience

G

  • gap-filling138
  • gender 19, 23, 150, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 186, 192, 194, 213, 223 ; see also social variable
  • German 6, 17, 18, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 96, 98, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 119, 120
    • Alemannic 84, 85n7, 103, 110, 111, 113, 115
    • Bavarian 87, 92, 108, 111, 115
    • East Franconian 17, 89, 91
    • East Low German89
    • East Middle German 17, 80, 89, 91
    • East Upper German 89, 92
    • Gesprochenes Schriftdeutsch 88, 89, 90, 91, 92
    • High German 80, 81, 85n7, 88
    • Landschaftliches Hochdeutsch 81, 81n2, 88
    • Middle German 17, 80, 89, 91, 110
    • Middle High German85n7
    • Standard German 6, 17, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 106
    • Swabian 109, 110
    • West Low German89
    • West Middle German 17, 89, 91
    • West Upper German 84, 89
  • Germany 2, 3, 4, 6, 17, 18, 79, 81n3, 82, 90, 92, 95, 104, 105, 109, 113, 116, 120, 121
  • Southwest Germany 109, 114, 115 ; see also Bavaria, Saxony, Waldshut-Tiengen
  • Gesprochenes Schriftdeutsch see German
  • globalisation 31, 32, 33, 34, 161, 165, 169 ; see also urbanisation
  • grammaticalisation 133, 134, 137, 137n11, 141, 190 ; see also language change
  • Greek 3, 7, 9, 12, 20, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208n9, 211, 213, 215, 218, 231, 234, 240, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248
    • Cypriot Greek 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 20, 21, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208n8, 208n9, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 218, 220, 232, 233, 247, 249, 250
    • Cypriot Romeika 21, 232, 233, 236, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250
    • dhimotikí7

H

  • Heheo 19, 153 ; see also Andalusian under Spanish, Seseo, Ceceo
  • High German see German
  • high-status see status
  • Hollandic see Dutch
  • homogenisation 106, 152, 183 ; see also convergence
  • horizontal convergence see also advergence, divergence, homogenisation see convergence
  • horizontal variation see variation
  • hybrid 9, 20, 34, 161, 183, 184, 188, 191, 192, 193, 205, 209

I

  • identity 19, 21, 34, 41, 43, 48, 81, 93, 95, 96, 107, 150, 152, 161, 162, 184, 193, 197, 207n7, 218, 233, 234, 238, 239, 243, 244, 246, 248, 250
  • ideology 5, 16, 45, 95, 130
  • immigrant11 see also migration
  • indexical 14, 21, 31, 39, 48, 205, 218
    • indexical value 31, 39, 48, 218
    • indexicality 10, 13, 14, 15, 31, 108, 150, 161, 164, 169, 171, 173, 176, 218
  • informal 2, 3, 5, 34, 39, 74, 83, 130, 131, 134, 143, 208, 210 ; see also formal, register
  • innovation 8, 9, 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 156, 198, 203, 204, 211, 216, 217, 220, 223n20, 232, 233
    • innovative 10, 151, 155, 163, 183, 185, 188, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 203, 204, 215
  • interaction 11, 17, 19, 57, 62, 82, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 108, 119, 139, 172, 174
  • interdialect form9
    • interdialectalism183
  • intermediate variety 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 55, 56, 81, 92, 96, 104, 125, 128, 129, 150, 152, 164, 203, 208n8 ; see also regiolect, koine, lingua franca
  • internal variable see variable
  • interpersonal-social familiarity 92, 93, 97, 98
  • intersubjectivity139
  • isogloss110
  • isomorphism 37, 140
  • Italian 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 22, 126, 128, 128n2, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 141n13, 143, 152, 185
    • neo-standard Italian 5, 6, 18, 130, 131
  • Italo-Romance dialect 18, 125, 126, 126n1, 127, 128, 129, 132, 136, 137
    • Florentine 126, 131
    • Lombard 18, 137, 137n9
    • Piedmontese 128, 129n3, 131
  • Italy 2, 4, 5, 6, 82, 126, 126n1, 131, 141

K

  • Karpasia 206, 234, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243 ; see also Cyprus
  • koine 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 20, 21, 34, 37, 55, 61, 74, 129n3, 129n4, 185, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 212, 214, 233, 234, 243 ; see also regiolect, intermediate variety, lingua franca, koineisation
  • koineisation 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 21, 56, 57, 129n3, 129n4, 151, 205, 233, 239, 247 ; see also levelling, mixing, simplification, reallocation

L

  • Landschaftliches Hochdeutsch see German
  • language acquisition see acquisition
  • language change 25, 47, 58, 91, 104, 106, 108, 109, 183, 198, 248, 249
    • phonological change 113, 114, 117, 121 ; see also grammaticalisation, shift
  • Larnaca 21, 218, 222, 225, 242n7, 246 ; see also Cyprus
  • Larnaka see Larnaca
  • leísmo 19, 159, 160 ; see also Spanish
  • Leonese3 see also Spanish
  • levelling 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 36, 36n2, 37, 38, 39, 42, 56, 57, 61, 62, 70, 150, 151, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 219, 233, 239 ; see also dialect levelling under dialect, koineisation
  • lifestyle 6, 38, 164 ; see also urban
  • Limburg (dialects) see Dutch
  • Limburg (area) 58, 59, 60 ; see also Rimburg, Netherlands
  • lingua franca 7, 243 ; see also intermediate variety, koine
  • linguistic repertoire 24, 32, 37, 245 ; see also repertoire, feature pool, linguistic resource
  • linguistic resource43 see also linguistic repertoire, feature pool, feature
  • literacy 8, 23, 130, 206
  • logistic regression analysis74
  • Lombard see Italo-Romance dialect
  • Louroutzina 234, 236, 237, 240, 242, 245, 246, 247 ; see also Cyprus
  • low-status see status

M

  • Malaga 19, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165, 167, 171, 177 ; see also Spain
  • markedness 9, 10, 12, 222 ; see also unmarked, salience
  • media 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 35, 104, 119, 120, 121, 248, 250 ; see also spoken media, social media
  • Middle German see German
  • Middle High German see German
  • middle-class see social class
  • migration 17, 34, 80, 95, 96, 129n3, 163, 206 ; see also immigrant
  • Milton Keynes 8, 11 ; see also England
  • mixing 7, 9, 129n3, 151, 204, 208, 211 ; see also koineisation
  • mobility 26, 31, 32, 33, 37, 183, 206
  • modernity 6, 19, 43, 125, 150, 165
  • multicultural33
  • multiethnolect32
  • multilectal43 see also polylectal

N

  • neo-standard Italian see Italian
  • Netherlands3 see also Limburg (area), Rimburg
  • new Copenhagen standard see Danish
  • new towns8
  • NORF 105, 109, 113, 114, 115, 121
  • NORM 105, 109, 113, 114, 115, 121
  • norm 6, 15, 18, 21, 32, 39, 39n4, 40, 41, 42, 81, 83, 126, 130, 131, 133, 136, 142, 143, 161n3, 174 ; see also standard
  • Norway 2, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48 ; see also Oslo
  • Norwegian 6, 9, 15, 16, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48
    • Bokmål 6, 34, 34n1, 35, 46
    • Nynorsk 6, 34, 35
    • Standard Eastern Norwegian 6, 15, 34, 34n1, 37, 39, 42, 46
  • Nynorsk see Norwegian

O

  • Occitan3 see also French
  • ontology 31, 44
  • Oslo 6, 15, 31, 33, 34, 34n1, 37, 38, 46, 46n7, 47 ; see also Norway
  • overt prestige see prestige

P

  • Paphos 222, 225, 234, 236, 237, 242, 243, 245, 248 ; see also Cyprus
  • Pafos see Paphos
  • peer group11 see also social network
  • perception 12, 14, 15, 22, 31, 47, 48, 83, 91, 108, 195
  • phonological change see language change
  • Piedmontese see Italo-Romance dialect
  • Poldernederlands see Dutch
  • polylanguaging 16, 43 ; see also bricolage, translanguaging
  • polylectal 15, 34 ; see also multilectal
  • post-dialect continuum see continuum
  • prescriptivism207
  • prestige 5, 7, 8, 15, 34, 98, 104, 121, 129, 130, 150, 171, 193, 204, 207, 208n8
    • covert prestige 207n7, 246n8
    • overt prestige 5, 204, 207n7, 208n8
  • primary dialect see also substrate, base dialect, secondary dialect, tertiary dialect under dialect see dialect
  • primary feature see feature
  • processing 87, 138, 141, 189, 191
  • propositional content 136, 137
  • Provençal3 see also French

R

  • real time 47, 55, 56, 69, 70, 74, 75, 114, 115 ; see also apparent time
  • reallocation 9, 10, 20, 203 ; see also koineisation
  • regiolect 17, 32, 40, 45, 48, 57, 58, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 104, 109, 110, 113, 116, 117, 118, 208n8
    • regional language 40, 41, 45, 46, 128
    • regional standard see standard
    • regional varieties 15, 16, 17, 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 90, 103, 106, 130, 152, 183 ; see also dialect, koine, intermediate variety, speaking style under style
  • register 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 45, 204, 205n1, 206, 207, 207n5, 208n9, 247 ; see also formal, informal
  • repertoire 2, 3, 4, 21, 36n2, 44, 45, 104, 117, 118, 128, 205n1, 232 ; see also linguistic repertoire
  • resistance to dialect loss55 see also dialect loss
  • Rimburg 11, 16, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 75 ; see also Limburg, Netherlands
  • Romeika see Cypriot Romeika under Greek
  • roofing 7, 10, 13, 128n2 ; see also standard
  • rural 16, 19, 33, 42, 46, 91, 109, 117, 152, 153, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 177, 185, 187, 213, 214, 222, 224, 225, 248n14
  • rural dialects 1, 8, 38n3, 42, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 125, 128, 129 ; see also urban

S

  • salience 10, 12, 18, 19, 104, 107, 108, 109, 119, 120, 121, 126, 132, 138, 139, 139n12, 140, 142, 143 ; see also salient, frequency, markedness, stereotyping, stigmatisation
  • salient 10, 12, 16, 47, 74, 81, 81n4, 92, 108, 109, 118, 119, 138, 139, 142, 153, 185, 189, 194, 195 ; see also feature, salience
  • Santa Cruz de Tenerife 20, 185, 187, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198 ; see also Canary, Spain
  • Saxony 3, 103 ; see also Germany
  • secondary dialect see also base dialect, primary dialect, tertiary dialect under dialect see dialect
  • secondary feature see feature
  • selection 1, 5, 10, 17, 18, 56, 58, 65n10, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 119, 126, 131, 132, 140, 141, 143 ; see also feature
  • semiotic resource45
  • Seseo 19, 153, 154, 155, 166, 167, 169, 172 ; see also Andalusian under Spanish, Ceceo, Heheo
  • Seville 5, 8, 154, 161n3, 169, 171, 172 ; see also Andalusia
  • shibboleth 21, 203, 218, 219
  • shift 13, 15, 22, 23, 32, 37, 57, 75, 94, 95, 104, 111, 115, 118, 121, 139, 160, 204, 206, 207, 244, 247, 248, 249 ; see also language change
  • simplification 9, 218, 241n6, 242 ; see also koineisation
  • social class 38, 186, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197
    • middle-class 19, 80, 81, 150, 151, 152, 153, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 174, 177, 197
    • upper-class 5, 38
    • working-class 6, 38, 38n3, 46, 152, 153, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 174, 177, 197, 207 ; see also social variable, social stratification
  • social construction see construction
  • social constructionist see construction
  • social media 18, 35, 119, 120, 250 ; see also media, spoken media
  • social network 11, 13, 206, 231, 236, 239, 246 ; see also peer group
  • social stratification 163, 164, 166, 194 ; see also social class
  • social variable see also external variable, age, gender, social class see variable
  • socialisation 92, 93, 94, 106
  • sociolect 14, 170
  • Southwest Germany see Germany
  • Spain 2, 5, 8, 150, 151, 152, 159, 165 ; see also Andalusia, Canary, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Malaga
  • Spanish 3, 8, 20, 22, 151, 155, 156, 159, 163, 165, 177, 187, 188, 190
    • Andalusian 5, 8, 19, 150, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
    • Castilian Spanish 5, 19, 150, 152, 153
    • español común 5, 8 ; see also Aragonese, Leonese, leísmo
  • speaking style see also regiolect see style
  • speech act136
  • spoken media 5, 6 ; see also media, social media
  • spoken standard see standard
  • stability 10, 13, 16, 18, 43, 57, 80, 89, 92, 96, 106, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 138, 143, 164 ; see also coherence, unstable, intermediate variety
  • standard 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 13, 34, 40, 43, 58, 104, 105, 125, 126, 128, 128n2, 129, 131, 150, 151, 152, 162, 163, 203, 204, 206, 233, 247, 249
    • dialect-standard continuum see continuum
    • double-standard6
    • regional standard 1, 5, 7, 13, 16, 18, 22, 55, 70, 81, 88n8, 110, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118, 130, 131, 132, 140, 161n3, 169, 172
    • spoken standard 6, 34, 37, 40, 42, 81, 106, 109, 111, 141
    • standard variety 2, 5, 6, 16, 21, 70, 74, 118, 128, 130, 134, 143, 151, 159, 160, 161, 205, 208, 213, 214, 215, 216
    • sub-standard 5, 16, 18, 74, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 140, 142, 143 ; see also norm, roofing, destandardisation
  • Standard Eastern Norwegian see Norwegian
  • Standard German see German
  • standard variety see standard
  • status 2, 5, 6, 13, 15, 23, 33, 35, 38, 39, 94, 139, 171, 174, 204, 206n2, 222, 225, 226, 243, 244
    • high-status 15, 38, 39
    • low-status 2, 6, 15, 39
  • stereotyping 75, 108, 119 ; see also salience
  • stigmatisation 10, 12, 17, 35, 75 ; see also salience, stigmatised
  • stigmatised 6, 11, 38, 63, 206, 207n7, 238, 245 ; see also stigmatisation
  • style 14, 45, 81n4, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 208n9
    • style-shifting208n9
    • speaking style 81n4, 84, 85, 88, 90, 92
  • stylisation 12, 119, 206, 207, 207n3, 207n5, 207n6
  • sub-standard see standard
  • substrate 129, 129n4, 130, 131, 132, 137n11, 138 ; see also primary dialect under dialect
  • supra-local 2, 8, 11, 152, 205n1 ; see also koine
  • supra-regional 16, 74, 81, 87, 150, 183
  • Swabian see German
  • Sweden 3, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47
  • Swedish41
  • Switzerland 18, 81n3, 82, 103, 104, 105, 110, 116, 137, 184
  • symbolic significance 31, 39, 42, 48

T

  • tertiary dialect see also base dialect, primary dialect, secondary dialect under dialect see dialect
  • tertiary feature see feature
  • Tilliria 234, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243 ; see also Cyprus
  • token 18, 22, 115, 116, 119
  • translanguaging 31, 43 ; see also polylanguaging, bricolage
  • Turkish 21, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250
  • tussentaal see Dutch

U

  • uneducated see education
  • unfocused42 see also focus
  • unmarked158 see also markedness
  • unstable 31, 39, 42, 48 ; see also stability
  • upper-class see social class
  • urban 5, 6, 10, 15, 16, 19, 33, 37, 38, 39, 46, 91, 94, 129, 150, 151, 153, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 168, 177, 185, 206, 213, 214, 220, 222 ; see also urbanisation, rural
  • urbanisation 19, 31, 32, 33, 150, 161, 169, 233 ; see also lifestyle, urban, globalisation

V

  • variable 26, 39n4, 41, 47, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 86, 117, 155, 168, 169, 177, 188, 194, 198
    • internal variable 189, 191, 194, 198
    • external variable 192, 194
    • social variable 192, 194 ; see also variant
  • variance 73, 168, 169
  • variant 6, 9, 10, 14, 17, 20, 38, 43, 85, 87, 106, 107, 110, 111, 185, 188, 198, 206 ; see also variable
  • variation 17, 79, 82, 83, 90, 105
  • vernacular 18, 19, 126, 131, 136, 150, 152, 162, 164, 165, 166, 171, 172, 177, 184, 185, 187, 195
  • vertical convergence see also advergence, divergence, homogenisation see convergence
  • vertical variation see variation

W

  • Waldshut-Tiengen 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 95, 96, 110, 117, 118 ; see also Germany
  • West Low German see German
  • West Middle German see German
  • West Upper German see German
  • working-class see social class