Table of contents
Acknowledgements
IX
Chapter 1.Reflexive constructions: An introduction
1
1.1Introduction
1
1.2Reflexive constructions in the varieties under study: State of the art
4
1.2.1Purely reflexive and reciprocal verbs
7
1.2.2The relationship of the reflexive verb and its unmarked counterpart
10
1.2.3Semantic criteria in typologies of paradigmatic reflexive constructions
15
1.2.4“Difficult cases”
17
1.2.5Summary
18
1.3The diachrony of reflexive constructions
19
1.3.1Overall development
21
1.3.2Indirect reflexive constructions
22
1.3.3From reflexive to reciprocal
23
1.3.4From reflexive to middle
23
1.3.5Reflexive intransitive and transitive verbs
24
1.3.6Summary
26
1.4Typological approaches to reflexive and middle constructions
26
1.4.1Voice and diathesis
27
1.4.2The middle voice
28
1.4.3The middle voice as a derived voice
31
1.4.4The middle voice as a basic voice
33
1.5Theoretical framework
38
1.5.1Language change and variation
38
1.5.2Mechanisms of language change
40
1.5.3Spatial diffusion of language change
41
Chapter 2.Methodology
43
2.1Introduction
43
2.2The COSER data
43
2.2.1Selected interviews
44
2.2.2Collection of examples
47
2.2.3Analysis of the data
50
2.2.4Note on spelling and linguistic representation
51
2.3Other sources
52
2.3.1Video questionnaire
52
2.3.2Written examples
55
2.4Technical notes
56
2.4.1Statistical methods
56
2.4.2Geographical representation
58
Chapter 3.The middle voice in Spanish
59
3.1Introduction
59
3.2The middle voice as a derived voice
60
3.2.1Subject deletion diathesis: Anticausative verbs
60
3.2.2Object-deletion diatheses: Absolute constructions
66
3.2.3Object-deletion diatheses: De-objective verbs
70
3.2.4Subject-demoting diathesis: Conversive verbs
75
3.2.5Object-demoting diathesis: Antipassive verbs
78
3.2.6No change of diatheses: Reflexive intransitive verbs
82
3.2.7No change of diatheses: Non-reversible verbs
86
3.3The middle as a basic voice: Semantics of the middle domain
91
3.3.1Body action middles
92
3.3.2The cognition middle
98
3.3.3Spontaneous events
103
3.3.4Naturally reciprocal events
105
3.3.5Verbs with no semantic ascription in Kemmer’s account
106
3.3.6Pseudocopulative or attributive verbs
108
3.3.7The RM in auxiliary verbs
111
3.4The middle voice in Spanish and Galician: A basic or a derived voice?
113
Chapter 4.Anticausative verbs in Spanish
119
4.1Introduction
119
4.2Different kinds of anticausative verbs
120
4.2.1Rest of the territory
124
4.2.2North-western varieties
127
4.3Externally and internally caused events
129
4.4The aspectual properties of the predicate
137
4.5The event structure of the predicate: The acceptability of datives
142
4.6Animacy of the subject
149
4.7Generalised linear mixed model
153
4.8Conclusions
154
Chapter 5.Reflexive intransitive verbs
157
5.1Introduction
157
5.2Analogical effects of the semantic class of the verb
158
5.3Analogical effects of the animacy of the subject
162
5.4Intransitive reflexive verbs of translational motion
165
5.5
Morir(se) and caer(se)
177
5.6Corporal (physical and psychological) processes
185
5.7
Quedar(se), estar(se) and esperar(se)
192
5.8Spontaneous pasar(se)
204
5.9More sporadic analogies
207
5.10Conclusion
209
Chapter 6.Reflexive transitive verbs
215
6.1Introduction
215
6.2Indirect reflexive constructions
216
6.2.1Recipient datives
219
6.2.2Autobenefactives
220
6.2.3Possessive datives
223
6.2.4Indirect detransitivised constructions
225
6.3Transitive verbs: General considerations
228
6.4Inherently autobenefactive transitive verbs
234
6.5Verbs of consumption
237
6.5.1Emphasis in autobenefactives and reflexive transitive verbs
242
6.6Verbs of spending time
246
6.7Verbs of cognition
251
6.7.1
Saber(se) ‘to know’, aprender(se) ‘to learn’, estudiar(se) ‘to study’
253
6.7.2
Creer(se) ‘to believe’, imaginar(se) ‘to imagine’
257
6.7.3
Dar(se) cuenta ‘to realise’: Cognition light verb structures
259
6.8Corporal processes
260
6.9Verbs of finding and forgetting: Lack of intentionality
261
6.10Transitive reflexive verbs of translational motion
266
6.10.1Transitive reflexive verbs of translational motion with a direct object that conveys a path
274
6.11Allobenefactives
276
6.12Conclusion
278
Chapter 7.Conclusions
281
7.1A variationist study of the middle voice
281
7.2The nature of the middle voice in the varieties under study
282
7.3The RM in verbs with no change of diathesis
284
References
289
Appendix 1.Localities interviewed with the corpus COSER
301
Appendix 2.Questionnaire videos
305
Appendix 3.Localities interviewed with the questionnaire
311
Appendix 4.List of analysed verbs and their classification
313
Appendix 5.List of verbs analysed in corpus eseuTenTen11
369
Index
373
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