Part of
Pluricentricity and Pluriareality: Dialects, Variation, and Standards
Edited by Philipp Meer and Ryan Durgasingh
[Studies in Language Variation 32] 2025
► pp. 118140
References (78)
References
Ammon, Ulrich. 1995. Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Das Problem der nationalen Varietäten. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Auer, Peter. 2014. Enregistering pluricentric German. In Augusto S. d. Silva (ed.), Pluricentricity: Language variation and sociocognitive dimensions. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Barber, Charles. 1997. Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburg University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias & Pam Peters (eds.) 2022. Linguistic epicentres in World Englishes. Special Issue of World Englishes, 41(3).Google Scholar
Böhm, Michael Anton. 2003. Deutsch in Afrika. Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in Afrika vor dem Hintergrund der bildungs — und sprachpolitischen Gegebenheiten sowie der deutschen auswärtigen Kulturpolitik. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Bowerman, Sean. 2004. White South African English: Phonology. In Bernd Kortmann & Edgar Schneider (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Volume 1: Phonology. Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax, 931–942.Google Scholar
Burridge, Kate & Pam Peters. 2020. English in Australia — Extra-territorial influences. In Sarah Buschfeld & Alexander Kautzsch (eds.), Modelling world Englishes. A joint approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial varieties, 202–227. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2014. English in Cyprus and Namibia: A critical approach to taxonomies and models of World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition research. In Sarah Buschfeld, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber & Alexander Kautzsch (eds.), The evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and beyond, 181–202. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017a. From second to first language status: An apparent-time investigation of language change in Singapore English. Paper presented at the 10th conference of Studies in the History of the English Language (SHEL), Kansas, USA.
. 2017b. The omission of past tense marking in Singapore English: An apparent time investigation of language change. Paper presented at the 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics (ICHL) at the workshop “The Loss of Inflection,” San Antonio, Texas, USA.
. 2020. Children’s English in Singapore: Acquisition, properties, and use. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2021. The question of structural nativization in Namibian English: Some answers from extended uses of the progressive. In Anne Schröder (ed.), The Dynamics of English in Namibia. Perspectives on an Emerging Variety. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah & Alexander Kautzsch. 2014. English in Namibia: A first approach. English World-Wide 35(2). 121–160. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cambridge Dictionary. 2014. [URL]. (9 Jan., 2021.)
Central Intelligence Agency. 2021a. The World Factbook. Namibia. [URL] (2 Sept, 2021.)
. 2021b. The World Factbook. South Africa. [URL] (2 Sept., 2021.)
Clyne, Michael. 1984. Language and society in the German-speaking countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(ed.). 1992. Pluricentric languages. Differing norms in different nations. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 1995. The German language in a changing europe. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Deterding, David. & Low Ee Ling. 2001. The NIE Corpus of Spoken Singapore English. SAAL Quarterly, no, 56, Nov. 2001, 2–5.Google Scholar
Deumert, Ana. 2009. Namibian Kiche Duits: The making (and decline) of a neo-African language. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21(4). 349–417. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan. 2019a. The pluricentricity debate: On Austrian German and other Germanic standard varieties. New York and London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2019b. Debunking “pluri-areality”: On the pluricentric perspective of national varieties. Journal of Linguistic Geography 7(2). 98–112. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Elspaß, Stephan, Christa Dürscheid & Arne Ziegler. 2017. Zur grammatischen Pluriarealität der deutschen Gebrauchsstandards — oder: Über die Grenzen des Plurizentrizitätsbegriffs. Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie 136. 69–91.Google Scholar
Frydman, Jenna. 2011. A critical analysis of Namibia’s English-only language policy. In Eyamba G. Bokamba, Ryan K. Shosted & Bezza Tesfaw Ayalew (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 40th annual conference on African linguistics: African languages and linguistics today, 178–189. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. [URL]. (10 Nov., 2014.)
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1989. Singapore Colloquial English and Standard English. Singapore Journal of Education 10(2). 33–39. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1994. The step-tongue. Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Heller, Benedikt, Tobias Bernaisch, Stefan Th. Gries. 2017. Empirical perspectives on two potential epicenters: The genitive alternation in Asian Englishes. ICAME Journal, vol. 41. 111–144. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2013. The diversification of English: Old, new and emerging epicentres. In Daniel Schreier & Marianne Hundt (eds.), English as a contact language, 182–203. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kautzsch, Alexander & Anne Schröder. 2016. English in multilingual and multiethnic Namibia: Some evidence on language attitudes and the pronunciation of vowels. In Christoph Ehland, Ilka Mindt & Merle Tönnies (eds.), Anglistentag 2015 Paderborn: Proceedings, 277–288. Trier: WVT.Google Scholar
Kloss, Heinz. 1967. Abstand languages and Ausbau languages. Anthropological Linguistics 9(7). 29–41.Google Scholar
. 1978. Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800. Düsseldorf: Schwann.Google Scholar
Kohnen, Thomas. 2014. Introduction to the History of English. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd & Edgar W. Schneider (eds.). 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Volume 1: Phonology. Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, Kerstin Lunkenheimer & Katharina Ehret (eds.). 2020. The electronic world atlas of varieties of English. Zenodo. [URL]. DOI logo (30 Aug., 2020.)
Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. 2013. Singapore English. Structure, variation, and usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 1992. English as a pluricentric language. In Michael Clyne (ed.), Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations, 179–237. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 2010. Developmental stages in the formation of epicentres of English. In Oriana Palusci (ed.) English, but not quite: Locating linguistic diversity, 17–36. Trento: Tangram Edizioni Scientifiche.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2010. Migrants and ‘mother tongues’: extralinguistic forces in the ecology of English in Singapore. In Lisa Lim, Anne Pakir & Lionel Wee (eds.), English in Singapore: Modernity and management, 19–54. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lim, Lisa, & Joseph A. Foley. 2004. English in Singapore and Singapore English. In Lisa Lim (ed.), Singapore English: A grammatical description, 1–18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Maho, Jouni Filip. 1998. Few people, many tongues. The languages of Namibia. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2009. Corpus linguistics meets sociolinguistics: Studying educated spoken usage in Jamaica on the basis of the International Corpus of English. In Thomas Hoffmann & Lucia Siebers (eds.), World Englishes — problems, properties and prospects: Selected papers from the 13th IAWE conference, 39–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2004. Black South African English: Morphology and syntax. In Edgar Schneider & Bernd Kortmann (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Volume 1: Phonology. Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax, 962–973.Google Scholar
Muhr, Rudolf. 2013. The pluricentricity of German today — struggling with asymmetry. In Rudolf Muhr, Carla Amorós Negre. Carmen Fernández Juncal, Klaus Zimmermann, Emilio Prieto & Natividad Hernández (eds.). Exploring linguistic standards in non-dominant varieties of pluricentric lLanguages — Explorando estándares lingüísticos en variedades no dominantes de lenguas pluricéntricas, 55–66. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.). 2016a. Pluricentric languages and non-dominant varieties worldwide. Part I: Pluricentric languages across continents. Features and usage. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
(ed.). 2016b. Pluricentric languages and non-dominant varieties worldwide. Part II: The pluricentricity of Portuguese and Spanish. New concepts and descriptions. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 2018. Misconceptions about pluricentric languages and pluricentric theory — an overview of 40 years. In Rudolf Muhr & Benjamin Meisnitzer (eds.), Pluricentric languages and non-dominant varieties worldwide: New pluricentric languages — old problems, 17–56. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2020. Pluriareality in sociolinguistics: A comprehensive overview of key ideas and a critique of linguistic data used. In Rudolf Muhr & Juan Thomas (eds.), Pluricentricity theory beyond dominance and non-dominance, 9–78. Graz, Berlin: PLC Press.Google Scholar
NIDS — Namibia Inter-censal Demographic Survey 2006. [URL]. Last accessed: 17 July, 2012.
Niehaus, Konstantin. 2015. Areale Variation in der Syntax des Standarddeutschen: Ergebnisse zum Sprachgebrauch und zur Frage Plurizentrik vs. Pluriarealität. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 82(2). 133–168. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ooi, Vincent B. Y. (ed.). 2001. Evolving identities: The English language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Platt, John & Heidi Weber. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ronan, Patricia & Sarah Buschfeld. 2024. From second to first language: language shift in Singapore and Ireland. In Mirjam Schmalz, Manuela Vida-Mannl, Sarah Buschfeld, & Thorsten Brato (eds.), Acquisition and Variation in World Englishes: Bridging Paradigms and Rethinking Approaches, 177–202. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Scheuringer, Hermann. 1996. Das Deutsche als pluriareale Sprache: Ein Beitrag gegen staatlich begrenzte Horizonte in der Diskussion um die deutsche Sprache in Österreich. Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German 29(2). 147–153. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2). 233–281. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007. Postcolonial English. Varieties around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013. The pluricentricity of English today — and how about non-dominant varieties? In Rudolf Muhr, Carla Amorós Negre, Carmen Fernández Juncal, Klaus Zimmermann Emilio Prieto, & Natividad Hernández (eds.), Exploring linguistic standards in non-dominant varieties of pluricentric languages / Explorando estándares lingüísticos en variedades no dominantes de lenguas pluricéntricas, 45–54. Frankfurt, Wien: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2014. Global diffusion, regional attraction, local roots? Sociocognitive perspectives on the pluricentricity of English. In Augusto Soares da Silva (ed.), Pluricentricity. language variation and sociocognitive dimensions, 191–226. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
2016. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35(3). 339–354. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schröder, Anne & Frederic Zähres. 2020. English in Namibia: Multilingualism and ethnic variation in the Extra — and Intra-territorial Forces Model. In Sarah Buschfeld & Alexander Kautzsch (eds.), Modelling World Englishes. A joint approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial varieties, 38–62. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schröder, Anne, Frederic Zähres & Alexander Kautzsch. 2020. Ethnic variation in the phonology of Namibian English: A first approach to Baster English. English World-Wide 41(2). 193–225. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sharifian, Farzad. 2013. Globalisation and developing metacultural competence in learning English as an International Language. Multilingual Education 3(1). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Singapore Department of Statistics. 2001. Census of Population 2000. Statistical Release 2: Education, Language and Religion. [URL]. (29 Jan., 2014.)
. 2010. Census of Population 2010. Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion. [URL]. (6 Nov., 2012.)
. 2011. Census of Population 2010. Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion. [URL]. (29 Jan., 2014.)
. 2021. Census of Population 2020. Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion. [URL]. (19 April, 2024.)
Steigertahl, Helene. 2019. English(es) in post-independence Namibia. An investigation of variety status and its implications for English language teaching. Berlin: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Stell, Gerald. 2014. Uses and functions of English in Namibia’s multiethnic settings. World Englishes 33(2). 223–241. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, & Jean Hannah. 2002. International English: A guide to the varieties of Standard English. Oxon and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Trüb, R. 2008. American English impact on South African English: An empirical analysis of its manifestations and attitudes towards it. Regensburg, DE: University of Regensburg PhD dissertation.
Van Rooy, Bertus. 2004. Black South African English: Phonology. In Edgar Schneider & Bernd Kortmann (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Volume 1: Phonology. Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax, 943–952.Google Scholar
Velupillai, Viveka. 2012. An introduction to linguistic typology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Marion (with John Kinahan). 2011. A history of Namibia. London: C. Hurst & Co.Google Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2004. Singapore English: Phonology. In Edgar W. Schneider, Kate Burridge, Bernd Kortmann, Rajend Mesthrie & Clive Upton (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology, 1017–1033. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 2020. English in Singapore: Two issues for the EIF Model. In Sarah Buschfeld & Alexander Kautzsch (eds.), Modelling World Englishes. A joint approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial varieties, 112–132. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar