This study focuses on “the many careers of negative polarity items”, taking a diachronic perspective on NPIs in general and on scalar NPIs in particular. Its main thesis is that scalar NPIs are prototypical NPIs. The downward entailing contexts of NPIs can be explained and made cognitively accessible by the pragmatic mechanisms associated with scalar NPIs, viz. the capacity to evoke alternatives (ALT) and the scalar interpretation of these alternatives (SCALE). NPIs with standard contexts of distribution are, or are otherwise tied to, scalar expressions, while NPIs with an idiosyncratic range of contexts are not. The diachronic development of core NPIs crucially involves the loss, change or replacement of ALT and/or SCALE. Non-scalar elements can also become NPIs, but non-prototypical ones, viz. escort particles, analogy NPIs, or mimicry NPIs.
2020. Negative Concord and the Nature of Negative Concord Items. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 458 ff.
Giannakidou, Anastasia & Hedde Zeijlstra
2017. The Landscape of Negative Dependencies: Negative Concord and N‐Words. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Second Edition, ► pp. 1 ff.
Gianollo, Chiara
2020. Evolution of Negative Dependencies. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 546 ff.
Gianollo, Chiara
2020. The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 117 ff.
Grodzinsky, Yosef, Virginia Jaichenco, Isabelle Deschamps, María Elina Sánchez, Martín Fuchs, Peter Pieperhoff, Yonatan Loewenstein & Katrin Amunts
2020. Negation and the Brain. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 694 ff.
Hochmann, Jean-Rémy
2020. Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 589 ff.
Horn, Laurence R.
2020. Negation and Opposition. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 7 ff.
Horn, Laurence R.
2020. Neg-raising. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 199 ff.
Joshi, Shrikant
2020. Affixal Negation. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 75 ff.
Kaup, Barbara & Carolin Dudschig
2020. Understanding Negation. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 635 ff.
Larrivée, Pierre
2020. The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 563 ff.
Martins, Ana Maria
2020. Metalinguistic Negation. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 349 ff.
Mayr, Clemens
2020. Intervention Effects with Negation. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 216 ff.
Moeschler, Jacques
2020. Negative Predicates. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 26 ff.
Muller, Hanna & Colin Phillips
2020. Negative Polarity Illusions. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 656 ff.
Papeo, Liuba & Manuel de Vega
2020. The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 740 ff.
Pearce, Elizabeth
2020. Negation and Constituent Ordering. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 152 ff.
Poletto, Cecilia
2020. The Possible Positioning of Negation. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 135 ff.
Prieto, Pilar & M. Teresa Espinal
2020. Negation, Prosody, and Gesture. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 677 ff.
Quer, Josep
2020. The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 177 ff.
Ripley, David
2020. Denial. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 47 ff.
Romero, Maribel
2020. Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 235 ff.
Schein, Barry
2020. Negation in Event Semantics. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 301 ff.
Sánchez, Liliana & Jennifer Austin
2020. Negation in L2 Acquisition and Beyond. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 615 ff.
Thornton, Rosalind
2020. Negation and First Language Acquisition. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 599 ff.
Tortora, Christina & Frances Blanchette
2020. Negation in Non-Standard Varieties. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 515 ff.
Tovena, Lucia M.
2020. Negative Polarity Items. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 391 ff.
Tubau, Susagna
2020. Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 407 ff.
van der Auwera, Johan & Olga Krasnoukhova
2020. The Typology of Negation. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 91 ff.
Wallage, Phillip
2020. Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 499 ff.
Weir, Andrew
2020. Negative Fragment Answers. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 441 ff.
Zeijlstra, Hedde
2016. Diachronic Developments in the Domain of Negation. Language and Linguistics Compass 10:6 ► pp. 284 ff.
Zeijlstra, Hedde
2020. Negative Quantifiers. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 426 ff.
Zeijlstra, Hedde
2022. Negation and Negative Dependencies,
[no author supplied]
2014. List of tables. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. ix ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Copyright Page. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. iv ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Series preface. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. vii ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Preface. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. viii ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. List of figures. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. xii ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Copyright Page. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. iv ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Introduction. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. 1 ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Abbreviations. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, ► pp. xi ff.
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