Chapter 18
Spanish in the Americas
A dialogic approach to language contact
Bakhtin’s dialogical principle (DP) is a social theory of language that provides the right framework to characterize the Spanish language in the Americas (LAS) in intrinsic relation to the ‘mestizo’ (mixed) culture and identity that emerged from the biocultural contact resulting from the Spanish intrusion in the New World. I present an approach that uses the DP theory of the utterance, which meshes its constitutive extraverbal elements, interlocutors, chronotope, and theme, with the words and phrases uttered. Since in DP the utterance’s extraverbal elements enter into its semantics, content words must function as lexical variables. However, unlike functional variables such as demonstratives and personal pronouns, the lexical variables have unique lexical options (or shortcuts) that work as default values, the lexicon being a historical repository of the lexical shortcuts culturally shared by a community. An alterity theory integrates DP applying to interlocutors and defining the intragrupal vs. extragrupal dialogic contact as relevant for LAS formation in the 16th century. Additional arguments deal with (i) alterity and identity, (ii) the extragrupal dialogism with American Indians, and (iii) the historical vs. cultural chronotopes of the living utterances that initiated and shaped the Spanish colonial discourse in the Americas.
Article outline
- Dedication
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1.Introduction
- 2.A social theory of language use
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3.Meaning in dialogism
- 3.1Variability of lexical meaning
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3.2Content words and the lexicon
- 3.3Semantic extensions and bicultural terms
- 3.4Chronotope and alterity: Their semantic effect
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4.Colonial dialogism in the Americas
- 4.1Extragrupal dialogism without bilingualism
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4.2Extragrupal dialogism with bilingualism
- 4.3Intragrupal dialogism and alterity
- 5.Identity through culture and language
- 6.Conclusions
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Notes
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References