Index of languages

• Acatepec, dialect of Me'phaa 87, 92–93, 95–96, 98–100, 103

• Achagua
  • Arawakan language361
  • parallels with Maipure noted by Gumilla365

• American English 112–113, 116

• Amuzgo
  • in contact with Me'phaa 82, 94, 102

• Andalusian 16, 19, 107, 155–156, 158–160, 163–168, 173–174, 184, 386, 405, 409

• Andalusian Spanish 19, 155, 158, 160, 386

• Andean languages 21, 320–321, 325

• Antilles Spanish 386, 392–393, 412

• Apache 21, 302–318

• Apache mexicano 311–312

• Apachean 21, 301–308, 312–318

• Arabic 36, 108, 112, 116, 119, 123, 181, 232

• Arawak
  • borrowings from Andalusian Spanish165
  • borrowings into Latin American Spanish 405, 411

• Arawakan
  • with reference to Garifuna 22, 335–336, 351, 358–359, 361, 365

• Areveriano
  • considered mixed language by Gilij370

• Arizona Tewa
  • studies on contact with Navajo Hopi, Puebloan, and Kiowa Tanoan 302–304, 317–318

• Atepec Zapotec
  • adaptation of colonial Spanish loanwords181

• Athabaskan 301–302, 304, 306–307, 310, 313, 315, 317

• Aturi see Piaroa

• Austronesian 15, 18, 111, 124, 325

• Avane 361, 369, 371

• Aymara 5, 158, 320, 397, 405

• Azoyú
  • Me'phaa variety spoken in 83, 87, 90, 91, 98, 104, 291

• Aztec (language) see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Betoi-Jirara365

• Bunu111

• Cantonese 108, 111, 122, 124

• Cariban 358–359, 365–366, 370

• Cávere 361–362

• Caxcán see also Cazcán see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Cazcán see also Caxcán see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Cèmuhî 111, 113, 118

• Central Nahua see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Chalcatongo Mixtec 336, 346–347, 352

• Chichimec 20, 137–138, 229–230, 232–235, 237–238, 240, 298, 407

• Chichimec dialects230

• Chichimeco Jonaz 20, 137, 229–230, 232–235

• Chichimeco see Chichimec, Chichimeco Jonaz

• Chinese 111, 122–124

• Chiquitano 360, 373

• Chiricahua 303, 305–307, 309, 312, 316–317

• Chiricahua-Mescalero Apache303

• Chiso313

• Cisyautepecan Zapotec 17, 55–57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 75, 79

• Cisyautepecan see Cisyautepecan Zapotec

• Classical Nahuatl see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Coatec Zapotec 57–59, 74

• Colonial Nahuatl 14, 25, 251

• Comanche 1, 21, 265, 302, 308–312, 314, 316–318

• Continental West Germanic116

• Copala Trique 94, 103, 108, 181

• Cora 20–21, 237–239, 241, 248, 250–251, 253–261, 263, 265–267, 269, 271–272, 274, 277–281, 284–287, 293, 296, 298–299
  • contact with Durango Mexicanero259

• Corachol 263, 265–266, 272–274, 277, 280–281, 283–288, 290–291, 293

• Croatian121

• Cuiba365

• Cumanagoto365

• Czech121

• Dene302

• Dutch 63, 117

• Eastern Nahua(s) 21, 263, 265–267, 270, 272, 276, 278, 281, 283–288, 290–292, 293–295 ; see also Nahua, Nahuatl

• English 64, 70–71, 80, 100, 108, 111–113, 116–117, 119–122, 137–138, 167, 301–302, 315–316, 339, 342, 348–349, 402

• French 117, 167, 301, 311, 342, 361, 363–364, 374, 376

• Galibi Carib364

• Garifuna 22, 335–338, 340–353

• German117

• Germanic 81, 116, 123, 376

• Guachichil 20, 237–238, 240, 250, 257, 267 ; see also Guachichiles

• Guahibo365

• Guahiboan365

• Guaicuruan361

• Guajiro 158, 165–167

• Guamo371

• Guanero 366, 374

• Guayana365

• Guipunave 361–362

• Hausa108

• Hebrew 112–115, 119–120, 124, 366, 374, 378

• Hibito 21, 319, 321–325, 331

• Hibito-Cholón 21, 319, 321, 331

• Hokan 82, 103

• Hopi 21, 264–265, 302–303, 307–308, 312, 314, 317

• Huastec 10, 20, 158, 161, 209–227

• Huastec dialects 209–214, 222

• Huasteca Nahua see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Huave 12–14, 166

• Huehuetepec Me’phaa 18, 91–92, 96–98, 100

• Huichol 265, 284–287, 290, 298
  • cognates for correspondences with proto-Uto-Aztecan, Nahua and Cora 274, 277–281
  • in contact with Western Nahua 21, 263, 267, 269–272
  • movement into Sierra Madre Occidental241
  • role of Huichol and Cora with regard to Western Nahua 293, 297 ; see also Huicholes, Wixarika

• Huitzapula, dialect of Me'phaa 92–93

• Iroquoian 363–364, 374

• Isleta, Southern Tiwa dialect 304, 317

• Isthmus Nahua 265, 270, 295

• Isthmus Zapotec 76, 106, 123

• Eastern Nahua dialect 265, 295

• Italian 115–116, 122, 361–364, 376

• Jano313

• Japanese 15, 25, 62, 112–113, 119–120

• Jemez 304, 316, 318

• Jicarilla 303, 305–307, 309, 317–318

• Jicarilla Apache 303, 309, 317

• Jirara see Betoi-Jirara

• Jocome313

• Jonaces229

• Jonaz 20, 137, 229–230, 235, 238

• Kanuri108

• Kaqchikel 336–337, 348, 353

• Kekchi 13, 23

• Keresan 303, 315

• Kiche 336, 349–350, 353

• Kiowa 21, 301–305, 307, 309, 314–318

• Kiowa-Apache 303, 316

• Kiowa-Tanoan 21, 301–305, 307, 309, 314–316, 318

• Lacandón 18–19, 125–128, 132–138, 140–141, 143–151

• Lacanjá-Chansayab128

• Lahu111

• Latin 206, 212–213, 340, 360, 362, 364–365, 376, 378, 386, 389, 403–404 ; see also Latinisms

• Latin American Spanish 11, 15, 19, 22, 155, 158–159, 161, 168, 386

• Latin American Spanish koine 168, 172–173

• Lhasa Tibetan119

• lingua franca Nahuatl 4, 6

• Lipan 303–307, 309, 311, 313–317

• Lipan Apache 303–307, 309, 313–317

• Lower Pima313

• Lower Piman265

• Maipure 358, 361–362, 365, 369–371, 373

• Malinaltepec 83–84, 87–88, 90–92, 94–100, 102, 104

• Malinche Nahuatl 13, 114

• Maltese 116, 118, 123

• Mandarin 108, 119, 124

• Mangas Coloradas 306, 313

• Maquiritare370 see also Ye'kuana

• Maya 6, 8, 11, 25–26, 130–131, 152, 185, 207, 260, 397, 400

• Mayan 3, 18, 20, 133, 161, 206, 209, 211, 220, 282, 320, 336, 345, 347–351

• Mazahua 18–19, 125–128, 130, 132–133, 137–138, 140–148, 150

• Me’phaa 17–18, 44, 89–90, 95, 99–100

• Mescalero 303–307, 309, 311–312, 314

• Mesoamerican Spanish 163–164

• Mexica see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Mexican Spanish 8–9, 93, 129, 150, 167, 405

• Mexicano see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Miahuatec Zapotec 17, 57–58, 60, 62, 66, 68, 70, 74, 76–78

• Mixtec 5, 82, 86–87, 89, 93, 98, 239, 257, 286, 336, 339–340, 346–347, 352

• Mixtecan94

• Mixteco see Mixtec

• Mochica 21, 319–331

• Mojave305

• Mojo 361, 370–371

• Moroccan Arabic116

• Movima371

• Na-Dene302

• Nahua, Nahuatl 3–15, 19–21, 23–26, 28, 32, 36, 71–72, 79, 82, 86–89, 114, 116, 125–127, 129–132, 141, 148, 150–151, 158, 164–165, 171, 185, 187–191, 197, 199–200, 202, 205–207, 217, 219, 185, 223, 229, 233, 237–249, 251–252, 255–259, 263–274, 276–295, 297, 299–300, 336–338, 340, 347–348, 350–352, 373, 392, 397, 400–406, 410–413
  • areal features and the role of Nahua 4–5, 12–13
  • as contact language 4–6, 243–259
  • as lingua franca and in contact with indigenous languages 5–7, 21, 30, 32, 41, 82, 86–88
  • as source of loanwords into other indigenous languages 4, 6, 36, 71–72, 82, 86–89, 114, 150–151, 158, 164–165, 171, 217, 219, 223, 229, 233, 237–249, 251–252, 255–259, 263, 265, 272–273, 278–279, 288, 291–297, 299–300, 336–338, 340, 347–348, 350–352, 373, 392, 397, 400–406, 410–413
  • Caxcán, Nahua 281, 284 ; see also Cazcan
  • Cazcán 241, 267, 284 ; see also Caxcán, Nahua
  • Central Nahua 21, 258, 263, 266–267, 272, 274, 276–280, 283, 292, 293, 294
  • Classical Aztec 299, 353
  • Colonial-Central Nahuatl 238–239
  • Colonial Nahuatl 14, 25, 251
  • contacts and migrations of 265–267, 270–273
  • development of Central Nahua through contact of Eastern and Western dialects 21, 276
  • Eastern Nahua(s) 21, 263, 265–267, 270, 272, 276, 278, 281, 283–288, 290–292, 293–295
    • Sierra de Puebla Nahua dialect 265, 270
  • Eastern-Western split and development of **u 283–287
  • effects of Nahuatl-Spanish bilingualism 7–18, 71–72, 114, 116, 125–127, 129–132, 141, 148, 150
  • historical development of language policy and introduction of lexical forms 5, 7, 10–21, 185, 187–191, 197, 199–200
  • Huasteca Nahua 265, 278–279, 295
  • Mexica 195, 239, 271, 276, 287, 414
  • Mexicano 14, 114, 230, 239, 294
    • ‘lengua mexicana’ 238, 284
  • Nahua subgrouping internally and relative to Corachol 287–291
    • Campbell and Langacker's subgrouping of Nahua with Corachol 265–288
    • Campbell and Langacker's "General Aztec" subgrouping 265, 286, 288, 293
  • Nahua t/ƛ/l isogloss 291–293
  • Nahuatl as L2 from colonial period 6–7, 20, 86–88, 237, 241, 246
  • Nahuatl couplets205
  • Nahuatl dialects 13–14, 21, 238, 243–251; 267–295
    • Colonial-Central238
    • Sierra Madre Occidental 238, 248–257
  • Nahuatl discourse forms in evangelization texts 19–20, 188, 191–208
  • Nahuatl Los Altos dialect 20, 237–238, 245–249
  • Nahuatl of Nayarit 241–243, 252
  • Nahuatl texts in Nayarit252
    • Nayarit Mexicanero dialect281
  • Pipil 265, 270, 284, 288, 295
  • Pochutec 263, 295, 270, 277, 282, 286, 288–291, 293, 295
  • Pochutla Aztec see Pochutec
  • Western Nahua 21, 241, 263, 265
  • Western Nahua innovations in Central Nahua not shared by Eastern Nahua 277–282
  • Western Peripheral Nahuatl 238–239, 263–264

• Navajo 305, 307–308, 314, 318
  • in contact with other languages 302–303, 305, 307–308, 314
  • as part of Athabaskan language family 302–303, 305

• Nevome 265, 313

• Nigerian Arabic 108, 123

• Northern Tiwa304

• Northern Uto-Aztecan 264–265
  • possible contact with Kiowan-Tanoan316
  • lenition in some Northern Uto-Aztecan languages298

• Numic 264–265
  • origins of long vowels in Numic273
  • Numic historical phonology298

• Old Castilian 16, 19, 155, 158, 160–161, 163–166, 168, 173–174, 184, 386

• Old Castilian Spanish 19, 155, 160

• Old Spanish16

• Omagua 361, 373

• Ópata 265, 312–313

• Osages308

• Otomaco 358, 365, 373

• Otomanguean 18–20, 55, 73, 82, 94, 103, 108, 171, 185, 229, 291, 295, 336, 339–340, 346–348

• Otomí 10, 19, 30, 37, 41, 53, 73, 125–127, 129–132, 137, 141, 148, 150, 152, 230, 233, 235, 240–241
  • Otomí as "general language"190

• Otopamean branch of Otomanguean 19–20, 229–230, 235
  • proto-Otopamean230

• Papabuco 60, 106, 111–112, 174

• Piaroa365 see also Aturi

• Picuris 304, 318 ; see also Northern Tiwa

• Pipil
  • Nahua Eastern dialect and ethnic group name 265, 270, 288
  • use of -y possessed noun suffix on body parts 284, 295
  • in Campbell and Langacker's dialect classification288 see also Nahua, Nahuatl

• Piro304

• Plains Apache 316–317
  • taboo as cultural practice in21
  • dialect of Apache 303–307
  • one of Apache dialects in contact with Comanche and Kiowas 309–311
  • word for 'coffee' borrowed from Comanche 309–311, 314

• Plains Sign Language308

• Pochutec 284, 286, 288–291, 295–296, 298
  • classification 263, 265, 270, 286–291, 293, 295
  • vowel correspondences with other Nahua dialects282
  • correspondence with **wa= isogloss277
  • correspondences with **p isogloss 280–282 ; see also Nahua, Nahuatl

• Polish, integration of English loanwords in 120–121

• Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan 304–305, 316
  • borrowing from Kiowa-Tanoan 304–305

• Pueblo language area see Puebloan linguistic area

• Puebloan 302–303, 307, 314–315

• Puebloan linguistic area 302–303, 314–315

• Pumé see Yaruro

• Purépecha5
  • as lingua franca28
  • grammatical transfers in 130; 151, 153, 296

• Q’anjob’al 336–338, 349–350, 352–353
  • word order in337
  • nominal possession in338
  • relational nouns in 340–341
  • gapping in 345–346
  • oblique questions347
  • absence of prepositions350

• Quechua 5, 11, 26, 40, 158, 185, 207, 320, 374, 397, 400–403, 405, 410–412
  • as "general language"5
  • stages of contact with Spanish 11, 26, 185
  • loss of the uvular in40
  • influence on Spanish dialect maintenance of palatal lateral /λ/158
  • use in colonial language policy 190, 207
  • shared typological features with Mochica320
  • influence of language contact with Tamanaku on syntax 373–374, 397, 400–403, 405, 410–412
  • intragroup dialogic contact 397, 400
  • Quechua as a lingua franca 402–403
  • extragrupal dialogism405 see also Quechuism

• Quiaviní Zapotec

• loss of final vowels106

• shared typological features353

• Rarámuri 266, 280 ; see also Tarahumara

• Rio Grande Tewa 304–305, 318

• Romance 15, 81, 116–117, 122–124, 152, 185, 316, 376, 386
  • in linguistic Romancization15
  • Romance family as example of "genus"81
  • Romance borrowings into Maltese and Moroccan Arabic 116, 123
  • as source of borrowed suffix in Dutch117
  • influence on concepts of mother and daughter languages 376, 386

• Romanian
  • use of loanword marker to assimilate Slavic-origin verbs 117–118, 124

• Russian116
  • reflections of attitudes toward foreignisms in 120–122, 301

• Saliban
  • Gilij's use of comparative forms of presentation356
  • Gumilla's identification of the Saliban language group365

• Serbian121

• Shona108

• Slavic 117–118, 120, 122, 124, 376

• Slovak121

• Soltec60

• Sonoran see Sonora

• Southeast Asian languages18

• Southern Athabaskan302

• Southern Tepehuan 265, 267

• Southern Tiwa304

• Southern Uto-Aztecan 259, 265, 296, 298, 337

• Southern Zapotec 17, 55, 59–62, 66–69, 76, 78

• Southwest 21, 166, 267, 270, 301–303, 313, 315–316, 318

• Spanish 1–3, 5–20, 22–27, 29–32, 34–45, 47, 49–52, 55–61, 63–64, 66, 70–73, 75–78, 80–85, 87–91, 93–101, 105–114, 116, 118–121, 123–134, 137–138, 141–152, 155–156, 158–168, 171–188, 190–191, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208–209, 212–217, 219–225, 229–234, 237, 248, 256, 264, 267, 271–272, 276, 282, 301–303, 308, 312–313, 315–318, 339–340, 342, 356, 362–364, 376, 385–388, 390, 392, 394–412, 414–415, 417

• Spanish as L2 7–9, 13, 18–19

• Spanish bilingual dialects 126–127, 132, 141–142

• Spanish dialects 15–16, 155–169; 171–208

• Spanish-Lacandón 125–128, 132, 134, 141, 143, 150–151

• Spanish-Mazahua 126–128, 130, 132, 137, 141, 143, 145–147, 150

• Spanish-Nahuatl 13, 125, 127, 130–132, 141, 148, 150

• Spanish-Otomí 125, 127, 130–132, 141, 148, 150

• Spanish-Yucatec Maya131

• Subtiaba 84, 92, 103

• Suma 313, 366

• Takic branch of Uto-Aztecan 264–265
  • development of absolutive suffixes 292–293

• Tamanaco see Tamanaku

• Tamanaku 358, 360, 362, 371–374, 382
  • extinct Cariban language358
  • Gilij's work on 360–362, 371–374, 382

• Taos 304, 316

• Tarahumara 265, 280, 298

• Tarahumara313 see Tarahumara

• Tecual 241, 267

• Tepecano 238, 241, 265, 267, 271, 285, 298

• Tepehua 17, 29–32, 34–54

• Tepehuan 10, 17, 241, 265, 267, 269, 271, 277, 300, 313

• Tewa
  • in contact with other languages 302–307, 317–318

• Tiwa 303–304, 316

• Tlachichilco Tepehua 17, 30–31, 34, 38–43, 45, 47–48

• Tlacoapa Me’phaa 18, 83–84, 90–92, 95, 97–100

• Tlacolula Valley Zapotec 336, 352

• Tlapanec see Me’phaa

• Tojolabal 7, 13

• Toledan 19, 158, 164, 173–174

• Toledan Spanish 158, 164

• Tonkawas308

• Totonac 10, 17, 29, 35, 37, 41–43, 45–47, 52–53, 211

• Totonac-Tepehua 29, 37, 42–43, 47

• Towa 304, 318

• Trique 94, 103, 181, 185

• Tunebo 366–367, 374, 382

• Tupí-Guaraní 5, 361

• Turkish 63, 79, 117

• Twi108

• Tzotzil 6, 223, 352

• Tzutujil 9, 24

• Uto-Aztecan 1, 19–21, 82, 165, 229, 237–238, 241, 252, 255–256, 263–268, 270–274, 280, 283–287, 289, 291–293, 301–302, 305, 307–308, 312–313, 315, 336–337

• Uw Cuwa366

• Warao365

• West Germanic, Continental116

• Western Apache
  • Apache languages 302–303, 305
  • borrowings from Kiowa-Tanoan and Navajo 307–308, 314–316, 318

• Western Nahua see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Western Peripheral Nahuatl see Nahua, Nahuatl

• Western Zapotec60

• Wixarika 265, 298 ; see also Huichol

• Yaqui 167, 265, 313

• Yaqui-Mayo313

• Yaruro 356, 382

• Yavapai315

• Ye’kuana see Maquiritare

• Yepachi313

• Yoruba 108, 122

• Yucatán Spanish 8, 26

• Yucatec Maya 6, 8, 11, 130–131, 353

• Yuman 305, 315, 318

• Zacateco 238, 240, 267

• Zaniza Zapotec 18–19, 105–110, 123, 153, 171–172, 174–176, 178–179, 185

• Zapotec 5, 8, 14, 16–19, 28, 38, 55–64, 66–80, 105–111, 121–124, 126, 129–130, 153, 171–172, 174–176, 178–179, 181, 185–186, 190, 214, 239, 336, 338–340, 351–353, 407

• Zapotecan 18–19, 336

• Zapoteco see Zapotec

• Zhuang111

• Zuni 21, 301–303, 307–308, 314, 316–317