Index

• Abruzzese dialect150

• Accent 3, 123,136, 193–202, 204, 206, 236, 256, 295, 360, 378

• Accumulation 121, 335, 343, 356

• Acehnese149

• Adjective intensification 251–252, 254–257, 259–260, 264

• Adjectival intensification 25, 30, 71

• Adverbs of degree 62, 101, 124 ; See also Degree adverbs

• Affix 58, 63, 90, 94, 112, 116, 178, 259, 305, 309, 332, 334, 359, 362 ; See also Prefix, Suffix

• Affixation 58, 77, 334

• Afrikaans148

• Amplification 102, 121–122, 148, 307

• Amplifiers 27, 34, 209

• Analytic constructions 60–62, 65, 262–264

• Ancient Greek 127, 129–131, 133, 141–142

• Approximators 27, 34, 43–44, 208–209, 330

• Attenuation 129, 182, 185–186, 359

• Attitude of the speaker 174–175, 293, 354 ; See also Speaker’s attitude

• Augmentation 92, 95, 307, 311, 353–360, 363, 368–370

• Augmentative 55–56, 59, 67, 79–80, 83–84, 88–93, 95, 235, 238, 333, 336, 353–367, 369

• Basque149

• Boosters 17–18, 27, 30, 34, 43–44, 181, 183–184, 187, 208–209, 329–331, 335–336, 348

• Borrowing 177, 179, 190

• Bounded 38, 44, 330–331, 336, 339, 341, 344, 348 ; See also Unbounded

• Boundedness 44, 330, 341

• Breton94

• Catalan64

• Class assignment 80, 82–83, 86–87, 94

• Closed scale 43–44 ; See also Open scale

• Comox92

• Comparative 9, 16, 21–26, 28–30, 40, 103, 111–113, 115–116, 253, 268, 276–279, 281–282, 284–285

• Comparative constructions 16, 18, 21–23, 25, 30, 32, 209

• Comparison 2, 16–18, 21–23, 25–30, 111–115, 121, 124, 209, 255–256, 269, 361–362, 365–366
  • Standard of 17–18, 21–23, 26, 30, 209

• Composition 235, 252–256, 259–260, 275, 293, 307, 309–311, 342, 360

• Compounds 24–25, 61, 77, 254–255, 262–263, 309, 354, 359–362, 364

• Compromiser 17, 27, 34, 43–44, 208–209, 329

• Conjunction 154, 178, 189, 200, 233, 244, 266–267, 273–274, 285

• Conjuncts 244–245, 248, 265–266, 269–270, 274, 276, 278–279, 284–285

• Coordination 25, 245, 265–266, 269–270, 273–274, 276, 309

• Coordinating structures 238, 244–245, 248

• Degree adverbs 15–16, 18, 28, 30, 208–210, 238, 353 ; See also Adverbs of degree

• Degree intensification 155, 161, 166

• Degree modifiers 131, 174, 207–210, 331, 349

• Degree nouns 210, 212, 214, 259

• Demonstrative 16–21, 24, 29, 80–81, 119, 210–212

• Derivation 65, 86–87, 90, 94–95, 128, 252, 254, 256–257, 259–260, 309–311, 359

• Dialogue particles 245–246

• Diminishers 17, 27, 34, 43–44, 56, 208–209, 329, 331

• Diminution 2, 91–94, 311, 354

• Diminutive 55, 74, 79–80, 83–84, 86, 91–94, 127–142, 144, 354, 356–358, 363, 376

• Directive speech act 129, 177, 296 ; See also Speech Act

• Directives158

• Disambiguation 292, 296, 299–301

• Discourse markers 176–181, 188–190, 375, 381, 386–387

• Downgrading 199–200, 235, 242, 248, 361 ; See also Upgrading

• Downstep 199–200

• Downtoners 27, 34, 209

• Duration 108–109, 283–285, 290–292, 294, 300–301, 340, 372

• Durative 60, 108, 271, 290, 294, 339

• Dutch19

• Early peak204See also Late peak

• Elative 56, 116, 235–236, 257, 259–260, 262–264, 293, 297

• Embodied communication 298, 301

• Emphasis 28, 108, 116–124, 149, 153, 155, 194, 201–202, 216, 236, 274, 283–284, 333, 339, 349

• Emphasizers 17, 27, 30, 62, 174, 236, 242, 348–349

• English 1–2, 4, 15–16, 18, 20–21, 23–24, 27–28, 33–38, 42, 48, 66, 88, 119–120, 208, 211, 213–215, 217, 220–221, 226, 233–234, 254, 256–257, 291, 311, 331, 338, 349

• Equivalence 300–301, 367

• Evaluation 28, 36, 46–47, 49, 55–56, 80, 83–84, 86–88, 90–92, 128–129, 131, 215, 235, 242, 257, 269, 311, 331–332, 338, 341, 344, 346–347, 353, 356–359, 361, 368

• Evaluative morphology 1–2, 55, 58, 63–64, 72, 87, 130, 369

• Exaggeration 59, 61, 73, 339

• Excess 22, 61, 73, 332, 341, 359

• Exclamative 16–21, 30, 61, 72, 76–77, 160, 208, 210, 214, 217–226

• Exclamative clause 208, 214, 217, 219, 226

• Exclusive focus 35–36, 39, 45 ; See also Inclusive focus

• Expansions 3, 27, 30, 224, 226, 231–236, 238, 241, 243, 245, 247, 331

• Focus markers 34–36, 45–47, 49 ; See also Particularizing focus

• Focusers 35, 40–42, 45

• Focusing adjectives 36, 39

• Focusing adverbs 35–36

• French 4, 15–16, 18, 23–24, 37, 63, 93, 200

• Gender 7, 80, 83–84, 86–87, 90, 105–106, 127–131, 133, 141–142, 356

• German 2, 4, 15–16, 18, 20, 22–26, 167, 175, 179–180, 184–188, 193–196, 200–201, 205–206, 211, 231–235, 239, 243–245, 247–248, 252–257, 259–260, 262–268, 270, 272–273, 278–279, 281–282, 284–285, 289–298, 300–301, 306–319, 321–324, 327–329, 331–332, 336–337, 339, 342–344, 347–349, 353–356, 358–369, 374, 376–377, 379–387

• Gesture 16–18, 178, 290, 295–296, 298

• Gradability 1, 3, 116, 128, 235, 239, 242, 248, 251, 329, 341, 348 ; See also Gradation

• Gradable 3, 16, 25, 28, 33–34, 45–47, 49, 59, 73, 102, 128, 131, 153–155, 161–162, 164–166, 246, 251, 253, 259, 328–331, 335–336, 343–344, 348–349, 376

• Gradation 29, 111–112, 116, 252, 271, 292–294, 359 ; See also Gradability

• Graduation 102, 266, 300–301

• Greek 2, 6, 10, 104, 127, 129–131, 133–134, 141–142, 149, 164, 254, 257, 311, 331, 333, 342

• Hebrew149

• Hedges 181, 183, 376, 380

• Hittite 2, 101–105, 112, 116–119, 122–124

• Idiomatic 71, 235, 266, 271, 275, 278, 281, 294

• Idiomaticity275

• Illocutionary force 4, 129, 153–155, 157, 159–160, 162, 175–176, 182, 215, 219, 236–238, 243–244, 296–297, 353, 375–376, 380–381, 385

• Illocutionary intensification 147, 155, 157, 164–166

• Impoliteness129

• Inclusive focus 35–36, 41–42, 45 ; See also Exclusive focus

• Indo-European 80, 82, 84, 101–104, 108, 111–112, 143, 254, 290

• Indonesian148

• Interrogative intensification208

• Intensifier 1–4, 15–18, 22, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 43–44, 46–47, 49, 56–67, 70–73, 76, 102, 116, 123–124, 128–129, 131, 173–182, 184–185, 187, 189, 207–208, 214, 231, 235–236, 238–242, 244, 246–248, 251, 253, 255–257, 262–263, 290, 293–294, 296, 309, 328–334, 342, 345, 347–349, 376

• Intensifying operators 198, 205

• Intensifying semantics 238–239, 241, 247–248, 301

• Interrogative clause 123, 216

• Interpersonal modification 46, 49

• Intersubjective level 175–176, 181, 183–186, 190 ; See also Propositional level, Subjective level

• Intersubjectivity 46–47 ; See also Subjectivity

• Intonation 61, 123, 195–196, 198–199, 201, 216, 234–235, 237, 241–242, 245, 378

• Irony 7, 123, 140, 142, 202, 338

• Italian 2, 4–6, 16, 18, 20, 24, 55–59, 61–67, 69, 72–73, 76–77, 87, 92–93, 129, 149–150, 152, 155, 162, 164, 166, 175, 178–184, 186–188, 232–238, 240–248, 252–254, 256–257, 259–260, 262–268, 270, 273–274, 277–279, 281–285, 290–301, 306–310, 312–320, 323–324, 327–329, 331–334, 336, 338–339, 341–345, 348–349, 354–356, 361–369, 374, 376–377, 379–380, 382–387

• Iterativity 107, 109–110, 119, 290

• Japanese 19, 211–212, 233

• Kiswahili 2, 79–89, 91–95

• Ladin 175, 178–182, 184–189

• Late peak 203–204 ; See also Early peak

• Latin 2, 10, 37, 47, 93, 148, 150–156, 163, 165–166, 251, 254, 256–257, 290, 311, 327, 331, 333, 342

• Lexical intensification 102, 166, 194

• Luwian 103–104, 106, 112, 119

• Lycian 103, 105

• Maltese149

• Mandarin211

• Maximizers 17, 27, 34, 43–44, 208–209, 330–331, 336, 341, 348 ; See also Minimizers

• Measurement 29, 282

• Metaphoric255

• Metaphorical 86, 88, 331–333, 357

• Mexican129

• Minimizers 27, 34, 43, 208–209, 329 ; See also Maximizers

• Modalizers181

• Moderators331

• Modulation 182, 292, 300–301, 328

• Morphological intensification102

• Multiple intensification 63–64, 66–67, 69–72

• Multiple modification 335–336

• Muna63

• Negative face 142, 175 ; See also Positive face

• Nez Perce92

• Nominal intensification 70–71

• Ojibwa92

• Open scale 43–44 ; See also Closed scale

• Palaic 103, 106

• Particularizing focus 35, 40, 45 ; See also Focus markers

• Pejorative 59, 84, 130, 363, 366–367

• Perception 71, 306, 311–312, 372

• Persian149

• Politeness 129, 137, 182, 375, 385

• Portuguese 94, 97

• Positive face 129, 137, 142, 175 ; See also Negative face

• Pragmatic intensification 157, 159, 164, 237, 292

• Pragmatic markers 4, 155–157, 160, 164–165, 177

• Prefix 56, 58, 65, 70–73, 80–82, 86–91, 93–95, 240, 252, 254, 256–257, 260, 267, 305–306, 308–313, 315–316, 318–320, 322–324, 328–329, 331–338, 340–348, 358–361 ; See also Affix, Suffix

• Prefixation 65, 73, 86, 199, 201, 253–254, 256, 260, 309–310, 342, 361 ; See also Suffixation

• Propositional content 41, 46, 174–176, 180–181, 237–239, 241–242, 244–246, 248, 374, 380

• Propositional level 4, 174, 181, 185, 187, 353, 375 ; See also Intersubjective level, Subjective level

• Prosodic intensification 194, 203

• Proto-Bantu 83–88

• Qualitative intensification 292–293, 300, 336, 338, 345–346 ; See also Quantitative intensification

• Quantifiers 4, 46, 61, 278, 282, 284–285, 376

• Quantitative intensification 344–345 ; See also Qualitative intensification

• Reduplication 3, 56–58, 60, 62, 65–67, 71–73, 76–77, 86, 92, 102, 104–107, 110, 124, 147–150, 155, 163, 234–235, 269–272, 274, 285–286, 289–292, 294, 297–298, 300–301, 333, 338–339, 342 ; See also Repetition

• Reformulation 156, 190, 234, 336

• Register 3, 63, 72, 124, 211, 224–225, 259–260, 301, 309, 320, 363, 365, 369–373, 385–386

• Rennellese149

• Repetition 3, 101–102, 107, 114, 116, 118–119, 121–122, 147, 149–166, 169, 236, 238, 270, 276, 283, 289–290 ; See also Reduplication

• Salentino dialect150

• Salish dialects92

• Scalar 19, 35–36, 39, 41–47, 49, 154–155, 161, 165, 208, 219, 237, 257, 330–331, 341, 376

• Scalarity 20, 34, 37, 43–45, 207, 236

• Spanish129

• Speaker’s attitude 4, 46, 176, 190, 293, 349, 362, 374 ; See also Attitude of the speaker

• Speech act 4, 19–20, 129, 137, 140, 154, 157–158, 160, 164–165, 175–177, 216, 218, 232, 237–238, 242, 246, 296, 328, 332, 353, 363, 375–376 ; See also Directive Speech Act

• Standard of see comparison

• Strengthening 102, 121, 124, 155, 157, 159, 164, 193–194, 235, 266–267, 270, 349

• Subjective level 174–175, 178, 180–182, 185 ; See also Propositional level, Intersubjective level

• Subjectivity 3, 17, 28, 30, 46–47, 127–128, 130–131, 182, 235, 328, 349 ; See also Intersubjectivity

• Suffix 56–59, 65–67, 70–73, 93, 102, 104, 106–112, 114, 119, 124, 127, 130, 132–133, 136, 138–140, 150, 236, 240, 254, 256–257, 259–260, 308, 319, 333–334, 336, 354–357, 361–362–363, 365, 367 ; See also Affix, Prefix

• Suffixation 73, 86, 262–264 ; See also Prefixation

• Superlative 4, 25, 56, 59, 62, 65–66, 70, 72–73, 103, 111–112, 114, 116, 150, 152, 161, 254, 256, 262–264, 328, 333–335, 337

• Suprasegmentality 289, 292, 298, 300

• Synonymous 63, 67, 69–71, 122, 268, 277, 356

• Swedish19

• Tagalog92

• Turkish 149, 200

• Unbounded 44, 330–331, 335, 339–341, 343–344, 348 ; See also Bounded

• Upgrading 137, 231, 235–238, 240–243, 245–248, 361 ; See also Downgrading

• Vagueness 2, 188, 339, 356, 371–387

• Validity 35, 40–41, 203–204, 226, 238, 241–243, 245–248

• Variation 3, 21, 30, 46, 63, 69–71, 93, 133, 176, 267, 355, 372, 377

• Verbal intensification 107, 119

• Word formation 57–58, 60, 90, 93, 112, 235, 256–257, 259–260, 290, 310, 354–356, 358–359, 362–363