Index

• acceptability 19–20, 24, 74, 99–102
  • gradient100
  • judgments 19–20, 73–75, 95, 99–102, 110–111, 115–116, 118, 120–123, 128
  • scores 115, 118–119, 122

• additive particles 1, 315, 318–319, 321, 324–327, 329, 335–336, 340, 343, 346, 348, 351–352, 355

• adverbs 259, 263, 270, 273, 278, 280–281, 321, 331, 333
  • contrastive336
  • local331
  • temporal 331, 333, 335

• alignment 35–37, 63, 121, 134, 164, 185, 191, 196–197
  • early 139, 186, 195

• alternatives
  • given245
  • propositional250

• Alternative Semantics 103, 241, 244, 360

• American Spanish 13, 17–18, 112, 239

• AMPER 150, 166

• Andean Spanish 34, 106, 362

• Argentinean Spanish 10, 34, 112, 237

• assertions 103, 150, 204, 207–209, 211, 215, 244–245, 257, 313–315, 325, 330, 348, 350, 354

• Asturian Spanish67

• at-issue meanings 22, 205, 214, 216–217, 221

• Basque Spanish 16–17, 20, 38, 41, 44–46, 48–55, 57, 59–60, 63–64

• bilingualism 287, 355, 358, 367, 380–381, 382

• boundary tones 17, 41, 44–45, 48, 50, 52–53, 61, 89, 132, 141–142, 145, 148, 156, 161, 170
  • complex 18, 132, 137, 143, 147–149, 160–161, 165–166

• Buenos Aires Spanish 17–19

• Canarian Spanish 16, 20, 34, 41, 43–46, 49, 52, 54–56, 58, 60–64, 237, 239

• Caracas Spanish15

• Caribbean Spanish 14, 62, 240

• Castilian Spanish 8–9, 16–19, 37, 41, 44–45, 47, 49, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62–64, 206, 212, 225

• Catalan 62, 112, 123–124, 142, 206, 215, 227, 370

• CCSee cleft constructions

• CEMSee Cumulative Enhancement Model

• Central Mexican SpanishSee Mexican Spanish

• CGSee Common Ground

• child discourse 313, 317, 322, 341–343, 354

• child language 323, 351, 353, 355

• circumflex contour 18–19, 62, 86, 158

• cleft constructions (CC) 14, 16–17, 19, 22–23, 35, 238–242, 251–253, 256–258, 264–265, 269–273, 276–285, 287–289, 291–293, 295–302, 305–308 See also pseudo-cleft constructions
  • adverbial 23, 275, 267–268, 271–281, 281, 283
  • contrastive227
  • indirect object269
  • informative presupposition 23, 257, 276, 278, 281, 295, 298
  • initial-copula240
  • it- 20, 35–36, 41–43, 48–50, 52, 54–55, 60–64, 260, 276, 279, 299, 304, 306–308
  • only-283
  • temporal 256, 298
  • since-271
  • subject 22, 256–257, 268–269, 277, 279, 281
  • wh- 240, 308

• clitics 60, 174–176, 179, 196, 261, 321, 364
  • object 371, 373–374, 376
  • pronoun 104, 342, 362–363

• CMSSee Central Mexican Spanish

• cognitive development 322, 351
  • age-related317

• Colombian Spanish252

• Common Ground (CG) 11, 204–205, 214, 216, 219, 224, 226

• constituent frontingSee fronting

• constituent orderSee word order

• constraints 164–165, 288, 353, 378–380
  • faithfulness167
  • hard316
  • markedness165
  • overlapping378
  • stochastic146
  • verb-fronting15

• contrast 157–160, 173–187, 190–192, 194–199, 233, 242, 265, 279–280, 283–284, 320–322, 325–327, 329–330, 334–338, 343–347, 349–350
  • epistemic211
  • explicit342

• contrast and focus 21, 173, 179–180, 183, 188–189, 192–193, 195–196

• contrastive topicSee topic, contrastive

• copula constructions 14, 35, 42, 204, 235, 239–240, 242, 255, 267, 271, 288

• copula verb 238, 292, 296, 300, 302

• CTSee contrastive topic

• Cumulative-Enhancement Model (CEM) 358, 376, 380

• DCTSee discourse completion tasks

• deaccentuation, post-focal 35, 361–362

• declination361

• deontic modality 213–214, 204, 212, 214, 219
  • presupposed 216, 222

• determiner phrase (DP) 60, 182, 238, 357, 364, 371

• diatopic variation 1, 10, 44, 13–15, 18–19, 36, 55, 63–64, 183, 208, 237

• Differential Object Marking368

• discourse cohesion 279, 314, 322, 336

• discourse completion tasks (DCT) 21, 134–135, 139–140, 146, 149–150, 165

• dislocations 41, 104, 316, 321, 330–331, 340, 354
  • left 35, 94, 104, 174, 176, 179, 196, 329–330, 347, 364
  • right 329–330, 342

• downgrading181

• downstep 50, 89, 91, 94

• DPSee determiner phrase

• duration 81, 135, 142–143, 145, 150–153, 173, 185, 191–192, 194–198, 237
  • syllable 134, 141, 175, 194

• early peaks 79, 139, 145, 171, 206

• ECSee Effort Code

• edge 86, 89, 94, 361, 379
  • left 86, 89, 94, 174, 178, 361
  • right edge 36, 44–45, 60, 63, 182, 186, 191–192, 196, 361, 379

• edge language94

• Effort Code (EC) 132, 142–143, 163, 206

• elicitation experiment 6, 8, 19, 73, 75, 80, 95, 149, 324
  • picture-based 4, 6, 8, 37, 227

• ellipsis 232, 236, 331, 334

• emergence 132, 349, 351, 354

• emotion 132, 217, 226, 247, 279–280

• emphatic accent 4, 50, 107–108, 231, 233, 237, 248, 251

• English 7–9, 22–23, 62, 178–179, 255–259, 263–279, 281–285, 287–291, 293, 297, 301–309, 355, 358–360

• EPSee European Portuguese

• epistemicity 37, 209, 213, 217, 219, 220, 226, 385

• European PortugueseSee Portuguese

• European Spanish 10, 14–19, 33, 38, 91, 239

• evidentiality 37, 205, 207–209, 213, 224–225

• exclamative constructions 18–19, 22, 229–230, 234, 236–237, 244–245, 252

• exclamative NPs 212, 236, 241, 242, 244

• exclamative speech actsSee speech acts, exclamative

• expressivity 21, 139, 141–145, 159–161, 163, 245

• Extremaduran Spanish16

• focus 11–22, 24, 35–37, 43–45, 49, 59–68, 102–103, 131–135, 142–148, 159–161, 173–183, 185–199, 241–245, 359–361, 379–385
  • broad 73, 131, 133–142, 144–145, 147–149, 150, 153–154, 156–162, 164–166, 191
  • confirmation 148–149, 316
  • contrastive 12, 15–17, 19–20, 58–59, 89–91, 99–100, 102–105, 107, 110, 113–117, 174, 176–178, 212–213, 216, 121–123, 240–241, 283–284, 315–316, 342–344
  • corrective 9, 11, 35, 41, 147–148, 257
  • discursive366
  • identificational 4, 14, 251
  • informational 16, 20, 33, 43–49, 54–55, 57, 62–64, 68–70, 99, 102–103, 105–108, 110, 116–124, 242, 257, 360
  • in-situ 55, 177
  • mirative39
  • morphological360
  • narrow 20, 21, 33, 36, 39, 60, 72, 134–135, 143, 145, 147, 149, 237, 240, 360–361, 383
  • narrow contrastive41
  • narrow information 1–2, 7–9, 11, 19, 41, 101, 107–110, 119, 127, 226, 385
  • neutral 12, 66
  • non-contrastive 22, 175, 177, 179, 226, 229–230, 249, 318, 361, 385
  • non-final 61, 107
  • non-subject 36, 61
  • object information48
  • phrase-final363
  • presentational 4, 12, 79, 226, 360, 363, 365, 369, 370
  • sentence 102, 174, 184
  • subject 36, 61
  • Verum 103, 226, 314–315, 318, 356
  • VP102

• focus and contrast 173–174, 176–177, 179–181, 184–186, 196–199

• focus and illocutionary force 230, 242, 244, 249

• focus domain 107, 131, 142–145, 156–157, 159–160, 163–166, 291

• focus frontingSee fronting

• foreign language learning 357–358, 376–378, 380–382, 385

• French 22–24, 255–259, 263–279, 281–285, 287–291, 293, 297, 299–305, 313–326, 329–330, 347–353, 355–356

• fronted foci 76, 78–79, 103–106, 117, 212

• fronting 33–34, 41–43, 48, 52, 54–55, 60–63, 78, 81, 99, 101, 103–104, 106, 212–213, 215, 229–230, 238, 244, 247, 249–250

• gender 21, 134, 156–161, 163, 231–232

• German 313–317, 319, 331–338

• givenness 177–178, 203, 225
  • degree of147
  • referential277

• GJTSee Grammaticality Judgment Task

• Grammaticality Judgment Task (GJT) 16, 73–74, 357, 369, 371–375, 379–380

• grammaticalization 279, 292, 316

• heritage language (HL) 357, 359–360, 368, 375–377, 380–381
  • learner’s 377, 381
  • proficiency375
  • properties 220, 222–223
  • speakers 357, 367, 370, 376–377, 380

• highlighting 18, 177, 242, 247, 258, 289, 314, 330, 340, 353

• HLSee heritage language

• illocutionary force 206, 230, 242, 244, 247–249, 252 See also speech acts

• implicatures 213, 217, 219, 226

• information status 277–278, 300

• interlanguage 366, 377–379

• intermediate phrase boundary 41, 45, 63

• Intonational Grammar 206, 227

• intonation language 4, 7–9, 94–95

• L2, acquisition 358–359, 366, 381

• L3, acquisition 357–359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369–371, 373–377, 379–381

• lab speech 5, 213

• language acquisition 1, 10, 19, 23, 352, 354–356
  • bilingual355
  • L2See L2, acquisition
  • L3See L3, acquisition

• language change 302–303, 308

• language contact 1, 10, 72, 78, 91–92, 95, 183, 287, 289, 297, 308–309

• language variationSee variation

• learner grammarsSee interlanguage

• lengthening
  • finalSee syllable, final
  • syllableSee syllable, lengthened

• left high tone 81, 86, 89, 93–94

• left periphery 77, 104, 249, 252

• LHSee pitch accent, L+H

• map-task 210–211

• Maya 92, 354–355

• meta-linguistic awareness 357–359, 375, 377, 381

• Mexican Spanish 15, 17–19, 21, 34, 71–72, 79, 104, 119, 124–125, 131–133, 135–136, 140, 142, 146, 156, 164, 166

• Middle English 23, 287, 289–290, 299, 308

• Middle French 23, 289, 293

• Minimalist Program 361, 377

• mirativity 205, 207–211, 213, 223, 225

• modality 19, 21, 219, 225–226, 315
  • epistemic215
  • presupposed 22, 203–205, 207, 209, 211, 213–215, 217–219, 221–225, 227, 252

• modal operators 22, 205, 214, 217, 219–222
  • presupposed 22, 203, 216, 221, 245

• Modern French 288, 291

• multilingualism 287, 290, 357

• negation 77, 217, 220, 225, 315, 354

• Network Intensity Scale (NIS) 158–159, 162

• NP exclamatives 22, 229–231, 233–234, 236–238, 240–244, 247–250, 230, 245, 249

• NSSee nuclear stress

• NSR (nuclear stress rule) 9, 33, 378

• nuclear pitch accent 17, 19, 33–34, 42, 44–47, 49–50, 52, 60–61, 63, 107, 136, 147, 155–156, 159, 181, 230, 236–242, 244, 247–250

• nuclear stress 9–10, 33, 103, 360, 378–380

• nuclear stress ruleSee NSR

• null-subject parameter 358, 367

• obviousness 12, 22, 47, 203, 205–207, 211, 213, 215–219, 221, 224

• Old English 291, 297–299, 308–309

• Old French 292, 309

• Optimality Theory 164, 378

• particles 320, 322, 325, 327–329, 333, 335, 337, 339–340, 342–343, 348, 351, 353–354
  • affirmative315
  • assertive316
  • focus-sensitive360
  • stressed352

• peak alignment 145, 160
  • delayed171
  • early18
  • late 139, 206
  • pre-nuclear 17, 79, 169

• Peninsular Spanish 13, 17, 61, 362–363

• perception experiments 37, 41, 55, 64, 197

• Peruvian Spanish intonation28

• phrasing 52, 73, 182, 186

• pitch accent 41, 50, 79–80, 86, 94–95, 135, 142, 144–145, 160, 162–163, 174–176, 181, 183, 185–186, 191–192
  • bitonal171
  • falling 80–81, 86, 89, 93, 95, 153, 314
  • L+H 17–19, 43–46, 48–54, 60–61, 86, 132, 138–142, 145, 148, 150, 160–161, 162–166, 172, 175, 183, 186–190, 195–196, 362–363
  • non-rising 21, 135, 137, 142, 150, 166
  • nuclear 48, 138
  • prenuclear 17, 61, 146, 147
  • rising 20, 76, 86, 89, 91, 95, 139, 149, 150, 166
  • rising-falling186

• pitch range 175, 181, 206

• p-movement 2, 15, 20, 33–34, 41–43, 45, 49, 52, 55, 60–64, 69, 90–91, 99

• polarity 221–223, 315
  • opposite222
  • positive103

• Portuguese 14–15, 19, 215, 357–361, 363–365, 367–368, 370, 374, 376, 381

• postfocal material 35–36, 45, 50, 52, 61, 194, 196

• pragmatic borrowing 287, 288, 297, 299, 301

• predicative constructions 287, 289, 292, 296, 302–303
  • unmarked 23, 306

• presupposition 203–204, 211–212, 216, 218–220, 222–223, 226, 245, 257, 318, 360
  • additive355
  • epistemic 22, 223
  • existential240
  • informative300
  • pragmatic 214, 223, 226

• production experiment 19, 20, 37, 64, 71, 73, 100, 111, 113, 173–174, 183, 363, 371, 380–381

• prominence 11–12, 35, 37, 63, 191, 194
  • focal360
  • intonationalSee prosodic.
  • prosodic 62, 89, 94, 147, 156–59, 162, 165–66, 191, 194

• pronoun 261, 263, 267, 272, 292–294, 296, 300–302, 316, 321, 337, 339, 342, 344, 348, 351
  • demonstrative 292, 297, 354
  • interrogative 234, 248, 292
  • referential anaphoric292
  • relative 234, 236, 238, 296
  • resumptive78

• prosody-syntax interface 19–20, 33, 35–37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 64, 67–69, 71–73, 89, 91, 95, 164, 174, 361

• pseudo-cleft constructions 14, 35, 41–43, 48, 54, 60, 63, 240, 282–283, 371, 381
  • inverted 35, 41–44, 48–49, 54–59, 60, 70
  • reverse 275, 280, 283

• pseudo-partitive constructions 231–233, 237, 248

• Quechua 19, 22, 203, 208, 211, 213, 215, 225

• questions
  • counterexpectational206
  • indirect234
  • yes/no 62, 183, 318, 337
  • confirmation206
  • counterexpectational206
  • implicit 315–316, 321, 352
  • rhetorical 206, 223, 247, 279

• reference maintenance 316, 335, 337, 339, 342, 344, 351

• register
  • formal329
  • high137
  • written 327, 329

• relative clause 35, 230, 233–236, 238–239, 248, 289, 292, 294, 296–297, 302–303, 305, 358, 371
  • free238
  • normal234
  • restrictive288

• rhythm 141, 359

• salience 334, 352, 363

• scale
  • continuous111
  • continuous ranking378
  • network intensity158
  • rating 126, 160
  • seven-point Likert55

• secondary predicate 21, 113, 116, 122–124, 127

• semantics 21, 173, 176, 178, 180, 203, 225–226, 230, 233, 255–257, 261, 277, 287, 355

• Slavic Languages 354, 385

• social factors 21, 131–132, 142, 156, 159–162, 165, 168

• social networks 18, 21, 133, 148, 158–160, 161–163, 166

• sociolinguistic analysis 163, 165, 169

• Southern Peninsular Spanish 16, 34, 63

• Spanish intonation 4–5, 8, 361

• speech acts 137, 144, 216, 242, 244–245, 248–249, 280, 288
  • assertive 244–245, 247, 250
  • commissive 245–246
  • declarative246
  • exclamative 22, 229–230, 247, 249
  • directive 246, 248
  • expressive 140, 145–146, 165, 245
  • ironic146
  • non-assertive245

• speech act theory 22, 229–230, 245, 249, 252

• spontaneous speech 100–101, 198
  • formal280
  • vernacular 139, 141

• Standard Spanish 2, 78

• statements
  • categorical 8, 106
  • directive146
  • ironic143
  • ironic exclamation146
  • non-exclamative147
  • non-expressive143
  • non-ironic142
  • of the obvious206
  • uncertainty206

• story retelling 314, 349

• strength61
  • metrical9

• stress 95, 101, 194, 355, 378
  • assignment 178, 327
  • default93
  • focal320
  • main 103, 105
  • nuclear 9–10, 103, 360, 379–380
  • phrasal33
  • reduction 194, 196
  • sentential 9, 65
  • shift361

• strong pronouns 314, 316, 321, 328, 342, 344, 347, 349, 352

• style
  • formal150
  • speaking 5–6, 18, 131–132

• subject 5–6, 23–24, 36, 39–41, 43, 48–50, 54–55, 60–61, 73–76, 122, 256–257, 359–367, 369–370, 373–376, 378–381
  • contrasted 76, 88
  • empty297
  • expletive 271, 288
  • focalized6
  • inversion 62, 234, 236, 241, 244, 247–248, 366
  • position 236, 288, 365, 378, 381
  • post-verbal 362, 365–367, 369–371, 374–375
  • in L3 24, 367, 374, 381

• surprise 13, 22, 62, 142, 205–212, 215–216, 218–219, 224, 230, 245, 247, 258, 279, 300, 342

• syllable
  • final 137, 182
  • lengthened 155, 191, 192, 195
  • pre-boundary185
  • stressed 80, 93, 185, 192, 194–195, 236

• syntactic movement 361, 363, 328, 342–343, 377–378

• syntax and prosody 13, 20, 60, 71, 76, 233, 319

• syntax-prosody interfaceSee prosody-syntax interface

• taxonomy 148, 226, 245, 307

• tonal compression 45, 53, 61
  • post-focal 35, 44–45, 81

• tonal reduction 46, 48

• tone 41, 81, 86, 89, 93–95, 133, 185–186, 191, 196, 225, 280
  • falling172
  • low 89, 93, 95, 191, 195
  • low sustained172
  • nuclear145

• topic 1–2, 35–36, 173–180, 182, 196–197, 198–199, 204, 225, 283–284, 287, 289, 291, 295, 301, 304–305
  • contrastive 175–176, 178–179, 182, 319
  • new354
  • non-contrastive 175, 199
  • ordinary318

• topicalization 307–308, 356

• topic and focus 173, 176, 178, 283

• topic-comment 203, 277, 360

• TPMSee Typological Primacy Model

• transfer 353, 357–359, 366
  • positive 24, 365, 375–377, 381
  • possible381
  • potential375
  • syntactic369

• truth conditions of at-issue meanings 204, 214, 245–247

• Typological Primacy Model (TPM) 24, 357–358, 365, 376, 380–381

• typology 24, 71, 91, 95, 225, 277
  • focal 37, 66
  • morpho-syntactic367

• unaccusatives 362, 366

• unexpectedness 12, 205, 225, 230, 245, 247

• Universal Grammar358

• unmarked position 99, 101–103, 106, 108–110, 122, 127

• usage 99, 121, 209, 211

• variation 13, 16, 20–21, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 147, 151, 166–167, 196, 289, 293, 326, 330
  • diachronic 19, 302
  • diatopic 10, 13, 44, 64, 79
  • focus-related17
  • idiosyncratic80
  • inter-speaker 55, 185, 196
  • intonational168
  • intra-speaker 186, 378
  • prosodic 17–18
  • regional 17, 198
  • sociolinguistic167
  • structured166
  • syntactic 14, 16, 378

• verb focus construction 74, 77–78, 84

• wh-constructions 241, 275

• wh-exclamatives 229, 237, 243, 248

• wh-operator 174, 179, 184

• wh-questions 39, 62, 106–107, 174, 178–179, 315, 331

• word order 4–9, 19, 33, 62, 64, 77, 102, 108, 111, 113, 124–125, 359, 367, 369
  • focus-induced 357, 359–360, 363, 374, 376
  • canonical 33, 41, 365
  • non-canonical 135, 366

• unmarked 101, 374, 381

• word order language 4, 7–10, 16, 33, 37, 61

• YMSee Yucatec Maya

• YSSee Yucatecan Spanish

• Yucatec Maya 20, 71–73, 77–78, 91–95

• Yucatecan Spanish 18–20, 71–74, 76–82, 86, 89, 91–95, 227