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Part of
Focus Realization in Romance and Beyond
Edited by Marco García García and Melanie Uth
[Studies in Language Companion Series 201] 2018
► pp. 387–392

Index

A

  • acceptability 19–20, 24, 74, 99–102
    • gradient100
    • judgments 19–20, 73–75, 95, 99–102, 110–111, 115–116, 118, 120–123, 128
    • scores 115, 118–119, 122
  • additive particles 1, 315, 318–319, 321, 324–327, 329, 335–336, 340, 343, 346, 348, 351–352, 355
  • adverbs 259, 263, 270, 273, 278, 280–281, 321, 331, 333
    • contrastive336
    • local331
    • temporal 331, 333, 335
  • alignment 35–37, 63, 121, 134, 164, 185, 191, 196–197
    • early 139, 186, 195
  • alternatives
    • given245
    • propositional250
  • Alternative Semantics 103, 241, 244, 360
  • American Spanish 13, 17–18, 112, 239
  • AMPER 150, 166
  • Andean Spanish 34, 106, 362
  • Argentinean Spanish 10, 34, 112, 237
  • assertions 103, 150, 204, 207–209, 211, 215, 244–245, 257, 313–315, 325, 330, 348, 350, 354
  • Asturian Spanish67
  • at-issue meanings 22, 205, 214, 216–217, 221

B

  • Basque Spanish 16–17, 20, 38, 41, 44–46, 48–55, 57, 59–60, 63–64
  • bilingualism 287, 355, 358, 367, 380–381, 382
  • boundary tones 17, 41, 44–45, 48, 50, 52–53, 61, 89, 132, 141–142, 145, 148, 156, 161, 170
    • complex 18, 132, 137, 143, 147–149, 160–161, 165–166
  • Buenos Aires Spanish 17–19

C

  • Canarian Spanish 16, 20, 34, 41, 43–46, 49, 52, 54–56, 58, 60–64, 237, 239
  • Caracas Spanish15
  • Caribbean Spanish 14, 62, 240
  • Castilian Spanish 8–9, 16–19, 37, 41, 44–45, 47, 49, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62–64, 206, 212, 225
  • Catalan 62, 112, 123–124, 142, 206, 215, 227, 370
  • CC See cleft constructions
  • CEM See Cumulative Enhancement Model
  • Central Mexican Spanish See Mexican Spanish
  • CG See Common Ground
  • child discourse 313, 317, 322, 341–343, 354
  • child language 323, 351, 353, 355
  • circumflex contour 18–19, 62, 86, 158
  • cleft constructions (CC) 14, 16–17, 19, 22–23, 35, 238–242, 251–253, 256–258, 264–265, 269–273, 276–285, 287–289, 291–293, 295–302, 305–308 See also pseudo-cleft constructions
    • adverbial 23, 275, 267–268, 271–281, 281, 283
    • contrastive227
    • indirect object269
    • informative presupposition 23, 257, 276, 278, 281, 295, 298
    • initial-copula240
    • it- 20, 35–36, 41–43, 48–50, 52, 54–55, 60–64, 260, 276, 279, 299, 304, 306–308
    • only-283
    • temporal 256, 298
    • since-271
    • subject 22, 256–257, 268–269, 277, 279, 281
    • wh- 240, 308
  • clitics 60, 174–176, 179, 196, 261, 321, 364
    • object 371, 373–374, 376
    • pronoun 104, 342, 362–363
  • CMS See Central Mexican Spanish
  • cognitive development 322, 351
    • age-related317
  • Colombian Spanish252
  • Common Ground (CG) 11, 204–205, 214, 216, 219, 224, 226
  • constituent fronting See fronting
  • constituent order See word order
  • constraints 164–165, 288, 353, 378–380
    • faithfulness167
    • hard316
    • markedness165
    • overlapping378
    • stochastic146
    • verb-fronting15
  • contrast 157–160, 173–187, 190–192, 194–199, 233, 242, 265, 279–280, 283–284, 320–322, 325–327, 329–330, 334–338, 343–347, 349–350
    • epistemic211
    • explicit342
  • contrast and focus 21, 173, 179–180, 183, 188–189, 192–193, 195–196
  • contrastive topic See topic, contrastive
  • copula constructions 14, 35, 42, 204, 235, 239–240, 242, 255, 267, 271, 288
  • copula verb 238, 292, 296, 300, 302
  • CT See contrastive topic
  • Cumulative-Enhancement Model (CEM) 358, 376, 380

D

  • DCT See discourse completion tasks
  • deaccentuation, post-focal 35, 361–362
  • declination361
  • deontic modality 213–214, 204, 212, 214, 219
    • presupposed 216, 222
  • determiner phrase (DP) 60, 182, 238, 357, 364, 371
  • diatopic variation 1, 10, 44, 13–15, 18–19, 36, 55, 63–64, 183, 208, 237
  • Differential Object Marking368
  • discourse cohesion 279, 314, 322, 336
  • discourse completion tasks (DCT) 21, 134–135, 139–140, 146, 149–150, 165
  • dislocations 41, 104, 316, 321, 330–331, 340, 354
    • left 35, 94, 104, 174, 176, 179, 196, 329–330, 347, 364
    • right 329–330, 342
  • downgrading181
  • downstep 50, 89, 91, 94
  • DP See determiner phrase
  • duration 81, 135, 142–143, 145, 150–153, 173, 185, 191–192, 194–198, 237
    • syllable 134, 141, 175, 194

E

  • early peaks 79, 139, 145, 171, 206
  • EC See Effort Code
  • edge 86, 89, 94, 361, 379
    • left 86, 89, 94, 174, 178, 361
    • right edge 36, 44–45, 60, 63, 182, 186, 191–192, 196, 361, 379
  • edge language94
  • Effort Code (EC) 132, 142–143, 163, 206
  • elicitation experiment 6, 8, 19, 73, 75, 80, 95, 149, 324
    • picture-based 4, 6, 8, 37, 227
  • ellipsis 232, 236, 331, 334
  • emergence 132, 349, 351, 354
  • emotion 132, 217, 226, 247, 279–280
  • emphatic accent 4, 50, 107–108, 231, 233, 237, 248, 251
  • English 7–9, 22–23, 62, 178–179, 255–259, 263–279, 281–285, 287–291, 293, 297, 301–309, 355, 358–360
  • EP See European Portuguese
  • epistemicity 37, 209, 213, 217, 219, 220, 226, 385
  • European Portuguese See Portuguese
  • European Spanish 10, 14–19, 33, 38, 91, 239
  • evidentiality 37, 205, 207–209, 213, 224–225
  • exclamative constructions 18–19, 22, 229–230, 234, 236–237, 244–245, 252
  • exclamative NPs 212, 236, 241, 242, 244
  • exclamative speech acts See speech acts, exclamative
  • expressivity 21, 139, 141–145, 159–161, 163, 245
  • Extremaduran Spanish16

F

  • focus 11–22, 24, 35–37, 43–45, 49, 59–68, 102–103, 131–135, 142–148, 159–161, 173–183, 185–199, 241–245, 359–361, 379–385
    • broad 73, 131, 133–142, 144–145, 147–149, 150, 153–154, 156–162, 164–166, 191
    • confirmation 148–149, 316
    • contrastive 12, 15–17, 19–20, 58–59, 89–91, 99–100, 102–105, 107, 110, 113–117, 174, 176–178, 212–213, 216, 121–123, 240–241, 283–284, 315–316, 342–344
    • corrective 9, 11, 35, 41, 147–148, 257
    • discursive366
    • identificational 4, 14, 251
    • informational 16, 20, 33, 43–49, 54–55, 57, 62–64, 68–70, 99, 102–103, 105–108, 110, 116–124, 242, 257, 360
    • in-situ 55, 177
    • mirative39
    • morphological360
    • narrow 20, 21, 33, 36, 39, 60, 72, 134–135, 143, 145, 147, 149, 237, 240, 360–361, 383
    • narrow contrastive41
    • narrow information 1–2, 7–9, 11, 19, 41, 101, 107–110, 119, 127, 226, 385
    • neutral 12, 66
    • non-contrastive 22, 175, 177, 179, 226, 229–230, 249, 318, 361, 385
    • non-final 61, 107
    • non-subject 36, 61
    • object information48
    • phrase-final363
    • presentational 4, 12, 79, 226, 360, 363, 365, 369, 370
    • sentence 102, 174, 184
    • subject 36, 61
    • Verum 103, 226, 314–315, 318, 356
    • VP102
  • focus and contrast 173–174, 176–177, 179–181, 184–186, 196–199
  • focus and illocutionary force 230, 242, 244, 249
  • focus domain 107, 131, 142–145, 156–157, 159–160, 163–166, 291
  • focus fronting See fronting
  • foreign language learning 357–358, 376–378, 380–382, 385
  • French 22–24, 255–259, 263–279, 281–285, 287–291, 293, 297, 299–305, 313–326, 329–330, 347–353, 355–356
  • fronted foci 76, 78–79, 103–106, 117, 212
  • fronting 33–34, 41–43, 48, 52, 54–55, 60–63, 78, 81, 99, 101, 103–104, 106, 212–213, 215, 229–230, 238, 244, 247, 249–250

G

  • gender 21, 134, 156–161, 163, 231–232
  • German 313–317, 319, 331–338
  • givenness 177–178, 203, 225
    • degree of147
    • referential277
  • GJT See Grammaticality Judgment Task
  • Grammaticality Judgment Task (GJT) 16, 73–74, 357, 369, 371–375, 379–380
  • grammaticalization 279, 292, 316

H

  • heritage language (HL) 357, 359–360, 368, 375–377, 380–381
    • learner’s 377, 381
    • proficiency375
    • properties 220, 222–223
    • speakers 357, 367, 370, 376–377, 380
  • highlighting 18, 177, 242, 247, 258, 289, 314, 330, 340, 353
  • HL See heritage language

I

  • illocutionary force 206, 230, 242, 244, 247–249, 252 See also speech acts
  • implicatures 213, 217, 219, 226
  • information status 277–278, 300
  • interlanguage 366, 377–379
  • intermediate phrase boundary 41, 45, 63
  • Intonational Grammar 206, 227
  • intonation language 4, 7–9, 94–95

L

  • L2, acquisition 358–359, 366, 381
  • L3, acquisition 357–359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369–371, 373–377, 379–381
  • lab speech 5, 213
  • language acquisition 1, 10, 19, 23, 352, 354–356
    • bilingual355
    • L2 See L2, acquisition
    • L3 See L3, acquisition
  • language change 302–303, 308
  • language contact 1, 10, 72, 78, 91–92, 95, 183, 287, 289, 297, 308–309
  • language variation See variation
  • learner grammars See interlanguage
  • lengthening
    • final See syllable, final
    • syllable See syllable, lengthened
  • left high tone 81, 86, 89, 93–94
  • left periphery 77, 104, 249, 252
  • LH See pitch accent, L+H

M

  • map-task 210–211
  • Maya 92, 354–355
  • meta-linguistic awareness 357–359, 375, 377, 381
  • Mexican Spanish 15, 17–19, 21, 34, 71–72, 79, 104, 119, 124–125, 131–133, 135–136, 140, 142, 146, 156, 164, 166
  • Middle English 23, 287, 289–290, 299, 308
  • Middle French 23, 289, 293
  • Minimalist Program 361, 377
  • mirativity 205, 207–211, 213, 223, 225
  • modality 19, 21, 219, 225–226, 315
    • epistemic215
    • presupposed 22, 203–205, 207, 209, 211, 213–215, 217–219, 221–225, 227, 252
  • modal operators 22, 205, 214, 217, 219–222
    • presupposed 22, 203, 216, 221, 245
  • Modern French 288, 291
  • multilingualism 287, 290, 357

N

  • negation 77, 217, 220, 225, 315, 354
  • Network Intensity Scale (NIS) 158–159, 162
  • NP exclamatives 22, 229–231, 233–234, 236–238, 240–244, 247–250, 230, 245, 249
  • NS See nuclear stress
  • NSR (nuclear stress rule) 9, 33, 378
  • nuclear pitch accent 17, 19, 33–34, 42, 44–47, 49–50, 52, 60–61, 63, 107, 136, 147, 155–156, 159, 181, 230, 236–242, 244, 247–250
  • nuclear stress 9–10, 33, 103, 360, 378–380
  • nuclear stress rule See NSR
  • null-subject parameter 358, 367

O

  • obviousness 12, 22, 47, 203, 205–207, 211, 213, 215–219, 221, 224
  • Old English 291, 297–299, 308–309
  • Old French 292, 309
  • Optimality Theory 164, 378

P

  • particles 320, 322, 325, 327–329, 333, 335, 337, 339–340, 342–343, 348, 351, 353–354
    • affirmative315
    • assertive316
    • focus-sensitive360
    • stressed352
  • peak alignment 145, 160
    • delayed171
    • early18
    • late 139, 206
    • pre-nuclear 17, 79, 169
  • Peninsular Spanish 13, 17, 61, 362–363
  • perception experiments 37, 41, 55, 64, 197
  • Peruvian Spanish intonation28
  • phrasing 52, 73, 182, 186
  • pitch accent 41, 50, 79–80, 86, 94–95, 135, 142, 144–145, 160, 162–163, 174–176, 181, 183, 185–186, 191–192
    • bitonal171
    • falling 80–81, 86, 89, 93, 95, 153, 314
    • L+H 17–19, 43–46, 48–54, 60–61, 86, 132, 138–142, 145, 148, 150, 160–161, 162–166, 172, 175, 183, 186–190, 195–196, 362–363
    • non-rising 21, 135, 137, 142, 150, 166
    • nuclear 48, 138
    • prenuclear 17, 61, 146, 147
    • rising 20, 76, 86, 89, 91, 95, 139, 149, 150, 166
    • rising-falling186
  • pitch range 175, 181, 206
  • p-movement 2, 15, 20, 33–34, 41–43, 45, 49, 52, 55, 60–64, 69, 90–91, 99
  • polarity 221–223, 315
    • opposite222
    • positive103
  • Portuguese 14–15, 19, 215, 357–361, 363–365, 367–368, 370, 374, 376, 381
  • postfocal material 35–36, 45, 50, 52, 61, 194, 196
  • pragmatic borrowing 287, 288, 297, 299, 301
  • predicative constructions 287, 289, 292, 296, 302–303
    • unmarked 23, 306
  • presupposition 203–204, 211–212, 216, 218–220, 222–223, 226, 245, 257, 318, 360
    • additive355
    • epistemic 22, 223
    • existential240
    • informative300
    • pragmatic 214, 223, 226
  • production experiment 19, 20, 37, 64, 71, 73, 100, 111, 113, 173–174, 183, 363, 371, 380–381
  • prominence 11–12, 35, 37, 63, 191, 194
    • focal360
    • intonational See prosodic.
    • prosodic 62, 89, 94, 147, 156–59, 162, 165–66, 191, 194
  • pronoun 261, 263, 267, 272, 292–294, 296, 300–302, 316, 321, 337, 339, 342, 344, 348, 351
    • demonstrative 292, 297, 354
    • interrogative 234, 248, 292
    • referential anaphoric292
    • relative 234, 236, 238, 296
    • resumptive78
  • prosody-syntax interface 19–20, 33, 35–37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 64, 67–69, 71–73, 89, 91, 95, 164, 174, 361
  • pseudo-cleft constructions 14, 35, 41–43, 48, 54, 60, 63, 240, 282–283, 371, 381
    • inverted 35, 41–44, 48–49, 54–59, 60, 70
    • reverse 275, 280, 283
  • pseudo-partitive constructions 231–233, 237, 248

Q

  • Quechua 19, 22, 203, 208, 211, 213, 215, 225
  • questions
    • counterexpectational206
    • indirect234
    • yes/no 62, 183, 318, 337
    • confirmation206
    • counterexpectational206
    • implicit 315–316, 321, 352
    • rhetorical 206, 223, 247, 279

R

  • reference maintenance 316, 335, 337, 339, 342, 344, 351
  • register
    • formal329
    • high137
    • written 327, 329
  • relative clause 35, 230, 233–236, 238–239, 248, 289, 292, 294, 296–297, 302–303, 305, 358, 371
    • free238
    • normal234
    • restrictive288
  • rhythm 141, 359

S

  • salience 334, 352, 363
  • scale
    • continuous111
    • continuous ranking378
    • network intensity158
    • rating 126, 160
    • seven-point Likert55
  • secondary predicate 21, 113, 116, 122–124, 127
  • semantics 21, 173, 176, 178, 180, 203, 225–226, 230, 233, 255–257, 261, 277, 287, 355
  • Slavic Languages 354, 385
  • social factors 21, 131–132, 142, 156, 159–162, 165, 168
  • social networks 18, 21, 133, 148, 158–160, 161–163, 166
  • sociolinguistic analysis 163, 165, 169
  • Southern Peninsular Spanish 16, 34, 63
  • Spanish intonation 4–5, 8, 361
  • speech acts 137, 144, 216, 242, 244–245, 248–249, 280, 288
    • assertive 244–245, 247, 250
    • commissive 245–246
    • declarative246
    • exclamative 22, 229–230, 247, 249
    • directive 246, 248
    • expressive 140, 145–146, 165, 245
    • ironic146
    • non-assertive245
  • speech act theory 22, 229–230, 245, 249, 252
  • spontaneous speech 100–101, 198
    • formal280
    • vernacular 139, 141
  • Standard Spanish 2, 78
  • statements
    • categorical 8, 106
    • directive146
    • ironic143
    • ironic exclamation146
    • non-exclamative147
    • non-expressive143
    • non-ironic142
    • of the obvious206
    • uncertainty206
  • story retelling 314, 349
  • strength61
    • metrical9
  • stress 95, 101, 194, 355, 378
    • assignment 178, 327
    • default93
    • focal320
    • main 103, 105
    • nuclear 9–10, 103, 360, 379–380
    • phrasal33
    • reduction 194, 196
    • sentential 9, 65
    • shift361
  • strong pronouns 314, 316, 321, 328, 342, 344, 347, 349, 352
  • style
    • formal150
    • speaking 5–6, 18, 131–132
  • subject 5–6, 23–24, 36, 39–41, 43, 48–50, 54–55, 60–61, 73–76, 122, 256–257, 359–367, 369–370, 373–376, 378–381
    • contrasted 76, 88
    • empty297
    • expletive 271, 288
    • focalized6
    • inversion 62, 234, 236, 241, 244, 247–248, 366
    • position 236, 288, 365, 378, 381
    • post-verbal 362, 365–367, 369–371, 374–375
    • in L3 24, 367, 374, 381
  • surprise 13, 22, 62, 142, 205–212, 215–216, 218–219, 224, 230, 245, 247, 258, 279, 300, 342
  • syllable
    • final 137, 182
    • lengthened 155, 191, 192, 195
    • pre-boundary185
    • stressed 80, 93, 185, 192, 194–195, 236
  • syntactic movement 361, 363, 328, 342–343, 377–378
  • syntax and prosody 13, 20, 60, 71, 76, 233, 319
  • syntax-prosody interface See prosody-syntax interface

T

  • taxonomy 148, 226, 245, 307
  • tonal compression 45, 53, 61
    • post-focal 35, 44–45, 81
  • tonal reduction 46, 48
  • tone 41, 81, 86, 89, 93–95, 133, 185–186, 191, 196, 225, 280
    • falling172
    • low 89, 93, 95, 191, 195
    • low sustained172
    • nuclear145
  • topic 1–2, 35–36, 173–180, 182, 196–197, 198–199, 204, 225, 283–284, 287, 289, 291, 295, 301, 304–305
    • contrastive 175–176, 178–179, 182, 319
    • new354
    • non-contrastive 175, 199
    • ordinary318
  • topicalization 307–308, 356
  • topic and focus 173, 176, 178, 283
  • topic-comment 203, 277, 360
  • TPM See Typological Primacy Model
  • transfer 353, 357–359, 366
    • positive 24, 365, 375–377, 381
    • possible381
    • potential375
    • syntactic369
  • truth conditions of at-issue meanings 204, 214, 245–247
  • Typological Primacy Model (TPM) 24, 357–358, 365, 376, 380–381
  • typology 24, 71, 91, 95, 225, 277
    • focal 37, 66
    • morpho-syntactic367

U

  • unaccusatives 362, 366
  • unexpectedness 12, 205, 225, 230, 245, 247
  • Universal Grammar358
  • unmarked position 99, 101–103, 106, 108–110, 122, 127
  • usage 99, 121, 209, 211

V

  • variation 13, 16, 20–21, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 147, 151, 166–167, 196, 289, 293, 326, 330
    • diachronic 19, 302
    • diatopic 10, 13, 44, 64, 79
    • focus-related17
    • idiosyncratic80
    • inter-speaker 55, 185, 196
    • intonational168
    • intra-speaker 186, 378
    • prosodic 17–18
    • regional 17, 198
    • sociolinguistic167
    • structured166
    • syntactic 14, 16, 378
  • verb focus construction 74, 77–78, 84

W

  • wh-constructions 241, 275
  • wh-exclamatives 229, 237, 243, 248
  • wh-operator 174, 179, 184
  • wh-questions 39, 62, 106–107, 174, 178–179, 315, 331
  • word order 4–9, 19, 33, 62, 64, 77, 102, 108, 111, 113, 124–125, 359, 367, 369
    • focus-induced 357, 359–360, 363, 374, 376
    • canonical 33, 41, 365
    • non-canonical 135, 366
  • unmarked 101, 374, 381
  • word order language 4, 7–10, 16, 33, 37, 61

Y

  • YM See Yucatec Maya
  • YS See Yucatecan Spanish
  • Yucatec Maya 20, 71–73, 77–78, 91–95
  • Yucatecan Spanish 18–20, 71–74, 76–82, 86, 89, 91–95, 227