Languages and language families and areas
A
- Albanian351, 353,
358–359
- Arabic
58–60
, 84, 136, 191, 253
- Armenian351, 353,
358–359
- Asturian
348–349
, 353,
358–359
- Azeri
132–136
, 138, 143, 147
- Iranian Azeri
134–136
, 138, 143
See Azerbaijani
- Azerbaijani19, 148, 244,
250–251
, 253, 256,
259–260
, 262, 264
- Aztecan326,
334–335
, 337, 354,
358–359
B
- Baltic
181–182
,
184–185
, 351, 358
- Breton4, 27,
29–30
, 40, 47, 351, 353,
358–359
- British Sign Language320, 361
- Brythonic4, 27,
29–30
, 47, 68
- Bulgarian350, 353, 358, 360
C
- Catalan
348–349
, 353, 358, 360
- Caucasian
3–4
, 239, 243, 263, 266
- Chatino331, 334, 336, 358, 363
- Celtic
3–4
, 16, 27, 47, 49, 62, 68, 84, 175, 181, 351,
358–359
- Cornish
3–4
,
27–38
,
40–43
,
45–49
- Middle Cornish30,
32–35
, 46, 49
- Croatian350, 353, 358, 360
- Czech4, 9,
149–151
,
153–163
,
165–168
, 235, 350, 353, 358, 360
D
- Danish5,
181–182
,
271–272
,
275–276
, 279, 284, 345, 353, 358, 360
- Dolgan16,
62–63
, 67, 82, 84
- Dutch345, 347,
353–355
, 358, 360
E
- English
8–9
, 17, 19, 24, 29, 40, 46, 49,
51–53
, 56,
61–62
, 84, 90, 126, 143, 150,
171–172
, 176,
178–179
, 195, 205,
207–209
,
213–214
,
227–233
, 235, 263, 265, 276, 297, 304,
314–317
, 319, 322, 325,
330–331
,
334–335
,
340–354
, 358,
360–361
- European languages
2–4
, 9, 17,
171–172
, 177, 181, 185, 207, 214, 232, 240,
267–269
, 273, 277, 287, 310,
319–320
, 325, 341,
343–344
,
351–353
, 391
F
- Faroese288,
345–347
,
352–355
, 358, 360
- Finnish
54–55
, 120, 182, 186, 355
- French214, 325, 341, 348, 353, 358, 360,
384–386
, 389, 391
- Frisian345, 347,
353–355
, 358, 360
G
- Gaelic16, 27, 62,
68–78
, 80,
82–84
, 172
- Scottish Gaelic16, 62,
68–78
, 80, 82, 84, 172
- Galician348, 353, 358, 360
- Gascon
348–349
, 353, 358, 360
- German90, 133, 182, 196, 205,
207–208
, 230,
232–233
, 272,
275–276
, 284,
314–316
, 319,
325–326
, 341, 345,
347–348
,
352–353
, 358, 360
- Low German
275–276
, 345,
347–348
,
352–353
, 358, 360
- Germanic109, 111, 120, 181, 183, 232,
344–346
, 349
- Goidelic3, 51, 62,
68–69
, 71,
78–79
,
81–83
- Greek55, 325, 351, 353, 358, 360, 367
I
- Icelandic2, 5,
9–11
, 15, 177,
267–269
,
271–276
, 281,
283–286
,
288–289
,
345–347
,
352–355
, 358, 360
- Indo-European4, 207, 232, 240, 277,
319–320
, 344,
351–353
- Irish27, 62, 68,
73–78
,
81–84
, 172, 177, 325, 351,
353–354
, 358, 360
- Italian
1–2
, 9, 17,
178–179
, 286, 341,
348–349
, 353, 358, 360, 374, 381,
384–385
,
388–389
, 392
K
- Karaim128, 134,
140–141
, 147, 233
- Karakalpak132,
142–144
, 147
- Kazakh17, 25,
127–130
,
132–135
,
143–145
, 147,
206–207
, 210, 213, 215,
217–218
,
222–224
,
226–227
, 233
- Kernewek Kemmyn28See Cornish
- Khakas
206–207
, 210, 213, 224
- Khinalug4,
19–20
,
239–245
, 247,
249–250
, 253,
255–256
,
258–260
,
262–264
- Kiliwa
335–337
, 358, 363
- Kipchak2, 4, 86, 101,
125–126
,
128–135
,
137–146
, 148, 233
- West Kipchak134,
139–140
,
142–143
- North Kipchak
132–133
, 142
- South Kipchak
128–133
, 135, 138,
142–144
See Turkic
L
- Latin5, 9, 184,
275–276
,
365–374
, 376,
378–382
,
384–385
,
387–392
- Classical Latin
365–366
,
370–374
, 376, 378, 381,
384–385
,
387–388
, 390
- Late Latin9,
365–366
,
371–373
, 376, 380,
384–385
- Latvian351, 353, 355, 358, 360
- Lithuanian148, 177, 181, 185, 351, 353, 358, 360, 363, 392
- Likpe
9–10
, 15, 24, 323, 361
- Luxembourgish345, 353, 358, 360
M
- Macedonian350, 353, 358, 360
- Matlatzinca335, 337, 358, 362
- Manx16, 27, 29, 62, 68,
78–80
, 82, 84
- Mandarin Chinese9, 18, 21, 25, 195, 204, 266, 362
- Mayo83, 335,
337–339
,
354–355
, 358, 362
- Mayan
326–327
,
330–331
,
358–359
- Mexican3,
325–326
,
329–330
, 332, 335,
338–341
, 351
N
- Nanti17, 21, 25,
315–316
, 319, 363
- Nahuatl332, 334, 359, 362
- Noghay
130–131
,
137–138
,
141–142
, 144, 147
- Norwegian
3–4
, 104, 117,
169–170
,
172–175
,
177–185
, 271, 287, 345, 353,
359–360
O
- Oghuz2, 4, 86, 101,
125–126
, 128,
131–136
,
138–141
,
143–146
, 148
- East Oghuz125,
132–134
,
140–141
, 146
- West Oghuz125,
131–136
,
138–141
,
144–146
See Turkic
P
- Persian19, 92, 101, 128,
134–136
, 148, 253
- Polish183, 236, 350, 353,
359–360
- Portuguese51, 228, 236, 348, 353,
359–360
- Purépecha332, 334, 359, 361
R
- Romance languages176, 183, 344,
348–350
, 365, 373,
384–385
- Romanian
348–349
, 353,
359–360
- Russian
53–54
, 62, 148, 171, 175, 208, 217, 253,
291–292
, 302, 309, 350, 353, 355,
359–360
S
- Saami, Saamic
3–4
,
103–110
,
112–120
, 123,
169–170
,
172–175
,
177–184
, 186
- North Saami
3–4
, 104,
107–108
,
117–118
,
169–170
,
172–175
,
177–184
- South Saami, Southern Saami
3–4
,
103–105
,
107–110
,
112–120
, 123, 173
- Lule Saami104,
107–108
, 117
- Sakha, or Yakut3, 16, 51,
62–67
, 69, 75,
82–84
- Semitic19, 25, 205, 207, 229, 232, 311
- Shor6,
206–207
, 212,
224–226
- Slavic5, 128, 134, 146, 172, 185, 344,
349–350
,
358–359
- Slovenian350,
352–353
, 359, 361
- Spanish
325–328
,
330–331
,
334–336
,
338–339
,
348–349
, 353, 359, 361
- Standard Average European (SAE)172, 185, 267, 287
- Swedish104,
108–110
, 181, 297, 345, 353, 359, 361
T
- Tatar130, 132,
141–142
, 145, 148
- Turkic
2–4
, 6, 9,
16–17
, 19,
24–25
,
62–63
, 66,
84–87
, 92,
101–102
,
125–126
, 128, 131,
134–136
, 138,
140–141
, 143,
145–148
, 187, 189, 191, 195, 198, 205,
207–212
, 215, 224,
226–228
,
231–234
, 291,
310–311
- Old Turkic
210–211
, 226,
232–233
See Oghuz, see Kipchak
- Turkish4, 9,
14–16
, 19, 22, 57, 61, 63, 66,
84–85
,
87–88
, 91, 98,
100–102
,
127–128
,
130–131
,
133–134
,
137–139
, 141,
143–145
,
147–148
, 177, 190,
195–196
, 204,
209–210
, 224,
226–227
, 311
- Turkmen125,
132–134
,
137–143
,
145–147
U
- Udmurt5,
17–18
, 120,
291–298
, 300,
305–309
, 311
- Beserman dialect of Udmurt5,
17–18
,
291–293
- Uralic3, 18, 103, 169, 182,
291–294
,
308–311
- Uyghur4, 13, 15, 17, 22,
187–191
, 193,
195–196
,
198–199
,
203–204
- Modern Uyghur4, 13, 15, 17, 22,
187–189
, 204
- Welsh4, 27,
29–30
,
45–47
, 56, 68, 84,
351–355
, 359, 361
U
- Uto-Aztecan326,
334–335
, 337, 354,
358–359
Y
- Yucatec
185–186
,
326–329
,
331–332
, 356, 359, 362, 391
- Yukaghir12, 22, 25
- Kolyma Yukaghir12, 22, 25
Z
- Zoque326, 335, 339, 359, 362