Article outline

• 4.1Character, extent and time of Viking settlement
  • 4.1.1‘Fill the earth and subdue it’: Place-name evidence
  • 4.1.2Turning hammers into crosses: Christianising the Vikings
  • 4.1.3Unearthing evidence: Archaeological records
  • 4.1.4In the blood: Evidence from (molecular) genetics
  • 4.1.5Speaking volumes: Evidence from language and documents
    • 4.1.5.1The issue of speech and writing
    • 4.1.5.2Assessing Anglo-Saxon/Viking communication
    • 4.1.5.3Evidence in Old Norse and Old English
    • 4.1.5.4Administrative and institutional evidence
• 4.2Chapter summary
• Notes