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Part of
Usage-Based Studies in Modern Hebrew: Background, Morpho-lexicon, and Syntax
Edited by Ruth A. Berman
[Studies in Language Companion Series 210] 2020
► pp. 51–96

Chapter 4
Sociolinguistics of Modern Hebrew

| Ben-Gurion University

The chapter characterizes Modern Hebrew as having developed in a highly multilingual setting. This evolved, initially, from a century of Jewish immigrations starting in the 1880s, bringing languages from Europe, the Balkans, the Middle East, and North Africa. Subsequently, late 20th-century immigrations from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia and an influx of global languages further increased multilingualism in the small area of what was known formerly as Palestine (or Eretz Yisrael ‘the Land of Israel’) and, since 1948, as Israel. The impact of these incoming languages on Modern Hebrew is described as depending on varying sociolinguistic factors of languages-in-contact, including an asymmetric interaction pattern that evolved between Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic which, together with more general socio-historical factors, created a multitude of communal varieties, and different registers, genres, styles, and codes of usage. The chapter also briefly considers issues of language, gender, and power as well as language policy and planning in this complex sociolinguistic setting, concluding with general comments on the current linguistic landscape of Modern Hebrew.

Article outline
  • 1.The multilingual setting of Modern Hebrew
    • 1.1Languages of Ashkenazi Jews
    • 1.2Languages of Sephardi Jews
    • 1.3Languages of Mizrahi Jews
    • 1.4Russian, Ethiopian, global languages, and transnationalism
    • 1.5Impact of foreign languages on Modern Hebrew
    • 1.6Interaction with Palestinian Arabic
  • 2.Communal varieties of Modern Hebrew
    • 2.1Two major dialect types
    • 2.2Intersecting varieties of Modern Hebrew
      • 2.2.1Jewish Hebrew
      • 2.2.2Kibbutz lexicon
      • 2.2.3Army language
      • 2.2.4Basic variety Hebrew
  • 3.Registers, genres, codes and styles
    • 3.1Register scale
    • 3.2Spoken language in literature
    • 3.3Performing arts (theater, film, drama)
    • 3.4Song and music
    • 3.5Mass communication and media
    • 3.6Digital language
    • 3.7Hybrid bilingual codes
  • 4.Language, gender, and power
    • 4.1Gender bias and countermeasures
    • 4.2Gendered symbols and stereotypes
    • 4.3Male as norm in generic ‘you’?
  • 5.Language ideology and educational policies
  • 6.Linguistic landscape
  • 7.Concluding comment
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 18 March 2020
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.210.05hen
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