Chapter 5
Prescriptive activity in Modern Hebrew
Uri Mor | Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
This chapter surveys prescriptive activity and discourse in Modern Hebrew from historical and
sociolinguistic perspectives. The first prescriptive efforts in the pre-Mandate period (up to 1918) were part of an
intensive language planning process aimed at creating a uniform functional national language based on classical Hebrew
sources. After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the nationalistic tone of public discourse in Israel
increased, and with it prescriptive activity, up until the 1970s. At a very early stage in the formation of the speech
community, even prior to World War 1, two types of ideal (hegemonic) Hebrew began to emerge:
institutional (planned), reflecting a nationalistic and puristic stance grounded in the Jewish
past, and native (unplanned), reflecting a contrasting anti-institutional stance. Both types are
still active in contemporary public discourse in Israel, and together constitute a complex approach to prescriptivism
and the concept of correct language.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Prescription, norms, and standards
- 1.2Prescriptive discourse
- 1.3Prescriptivism, ideology, and nationality
- 1.4Attitudes towards prescriptivism
- 2.Prescriptive activity in Modern Hebrew
- 2.1The pre-state period (1889–1948)
- 2.1.1Initiatory attempts
- 2.1.2Nationalistic underpinnings
- 2.1.3Conflicts and divergence
- 2.2Prescriptivism in Israel since 1948
- 2.2.1The rise in nationalism and prescriptivism
- 2.2.2Institutionalization and expansion
- 2.2.3Changing values
- 3.Some illustrations
- 3.1Pronunciation
- 3.2Grammatical structure
- 3.3Lexicon
- 4.Concluding notes
-
Notes
-
References
References
Academy of the Hebrew Language
2011 hagiyat hacere hamale (The pronunciation of the plene
ṣere
). <
[URL] (18 November 2017).
Academy of the Hebrew Language
2014 haħlatot haʔaqademya bediqduq (
Academy Rulings: Grammar). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Agha, Asif
2003 The social life of cultural value.
Language & Communication 23(3–4): 231–273.
Albeck, Orly
2013 Purism. In
Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Vol. 3,
Geoffrey Khan (ed.), 298–307. Leiden: Brill.
Alloni-Fainberg, Yafa
1974 Official Hebrew terms for parts of the car: A study of knowledge, usage, and
attitudes.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1: 67–94.
Almagor-Ramon, Ruth
2014
ʕal haʕivrit berašut hašidur
(Hebrew at the Israel broadcasting authority).
Ha’Ivrit 62(3–4): 139–145.
Almog, Oz
1997 hacabar – dyoqan (
The Sabra – A Profile). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Avinery, Isaac
1964 yad halašon (
Yad Hallaschon). Tel Aviv: Izreel.
Aytürk, İlker
2012 Revisiting the language factor in Zionism: The Hebrew Language Council from 1904 to
1914.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies 73(1): 45–64.
Azar, Moshe
2009
“lašon ʕatiqa bimciʔut ħadaša” – bħina meħudešet
(“Ancient language in a new
reality” – a re-examination). In
matayim vaħamišim šnot ʕivrit ħadaša (
Modern Hebrew – Two Hundred and Fifty Years),
Chaim E. Cohen (ed.), 17–31. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich
1981 Discourse in the novel. In
The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin,
Michael Holquist (ed.),
Caryl Emerson &
Michael Holquist (trans.), 259–422. Austin TX: University of Texas.
Bar-Adon, Aaron
1975 The Rise and Decline of a Dialect: A Study in the Revival of Modern Hebrew. The Hague: Mouton.
Barak, Smadar & Gadish, Ronit
(eds) 2008 safa qama. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Bar-Asher, Moshe
2012 pirqe ʕiyun baʕivrit haħadaša uvaʕasiya bah (
Studies in Modern Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Bar-Asher, Moshe
2014
kecad mitgabeš hateqen balašon
(Setting language norms).
Ha’Ivrit 62(3–4): 89–98.
Barlas, Amatsya
1937 “
lisfat hayeladim
” (“On children’s language”).
Leshonenu 8(2–3): 185–190.
Bartal, Israel
1993 From traditional bilingualism to national monolingualism. In
Hebrew in Ashkenaz: A Language in Exile,
Lewis Glinert (ed.), 141–150. Oxford: OUP.
Bar-Ziv Levy, Miri & Sichel, Ivy
2018
trumatan šel nešot haʕaliya harišona livniyat qehilat dovre ʕivrit berišon
leciyon
(Women’s contribution to the creation of a Hebrew-speaking community during the First Aliyah).
Cathedra. 169: 75–108
Ben-Amotz, Dahn & Ben-Yehuda, Netiva
1972 milon ʕolami leʕivrit meduberet (
The World Dictionary of Hebrew Slang). Jerusalem: E. Lewin-Epstein.
Ben-Asher, Mordekhay
1969 hitgabšut hadiqduq hanormativi baʕivrit haħadaša (
The Crystalisation of Normative Grammar in Modern Hebrew). Haifa: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Bendavid, Abba
1967 lešon miqra ulšon ħaxamim (
Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew), Vol. 1. Tel Aviv: Dvir.
Bendavid, Abba & Shy, Hadassa
1974 madrix lašon laradyo velatelevizya (
Language Guide for Radio and Television). Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority.
Ben-Ḥayyim, Ze’ev
1992 bemilħamtah šel lašon (
The Struggle for a Language). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
van den Berg, Ria
2005 Standard Afrikaans and the different faces of ‘pure Afrikaans’ in the twentieth
century. In
Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages,
Nils Langer &
Winifred V. Davies (eds), 144–165. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Berman, Ruth A.
1989
ʕal habeʕayatiyut beħeqer haʕivrit haħadaša
(Issues and problems in Modern Hebrew research).
haʕivrit kexoaħ meʔaħed baħinux haʕivri batfucot (
Hebrew as a Unifying Force in Jewish Education in the Diaspora), 105–114. Tel Aviv: University Publishing Projects.
Biala, Chasya
1993 haminuaħ šel haʔakademya lalašon haʕivrit bitħum kalkalat habayit: bħina balšanit (
Home Economics Terminology of the Academy of the Hebrew Language: Linguistic Analysis). MA thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Birnbaum, Gabriel
2000
meqoma šel haxvanat lašon beyamenu
(Normativism in language today). In
sefer refaʔel nir: meħqarim betiqšoret, bevalšanut uvehoraʔat lašon (
Raphael Nir Jubilee Book: Studies in Communication, Linguistics, and Language Teaching),
Ora Rodrigue Schwarzwald,
Shoshana Blum-Kulka &
Elite Olshain (eds), 334–349. Jerusalem: Carmel.
Birnbaum, Gabriel
2014
yicħaq ʔavineri – metaqen lašon meqori
(Isaac Avinery – an original prescriptivist). In
nitʕe ilan: meħqarim balašon haʕivrit uveʔaħyoteha mugašim leʔilan eldar (
Nitʕe Ilan: Studies in Hebrew and Related Fields Presented to Ilan Eldar),
Moshe Bar-Asher &
Irit Meir (eds), 505–522. Jerusalem: Carmel.
Blanc, Haim
1968 The Israeli koine as an emergent national standard. In
Language Problems of Developing Nations,
Joshua A. Fishman,
Charles A. Ferguson &
Jyotirindra Das Gupta (eds), 237–251. New York NY: John Wiley.
Bliboim, Rivka
2016
“ʔen li roš lemilim ʔarukot”: ʕal ʔifyunah halešoni šel hafreħa bamedya hamešuderet
(On the linguistic characterization of the
frexa in broadcast media). In
Hebrew – A Living Language, Vol. 7,
Rina Ben-Shahar &
Nitsa Ben-Ari (eds), 25–56. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Blommaert, Jan
2006 Language policy and national identity. In
An Introduction to Language policy – Theory and Method,
Thomas Ricento (ed.), 239–254. Malden MA: Blackwell.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1993 [1984]
Sociology in Question,
Richard Nice (trans.). London: Sage.
Cameron, Deborah
2012[1995]
Verbal Hygiene, expanded edn. London: Routledge.
Cohen, Chaim E.
1998
diqduq haʕivrit haħadaša umqorot yeniqato
(The sources of Modern Hebrew
grammar).
Lešonenu La’am 49(3): 117–131.
Cohen, Chaim E.
2004
haʕivrit harabanit vehaʕivrit hanormativit
(Normative grammar in light of medieval
Rabbinic Hebrew).
Leshonenu La’am 54(1): 35–46.
Cohen, Chaim E.
2012
“po medabrim ʕivrit”: ʔezo ʕivrit medabrim po? Limqoroteha šel haʕivrit hanilmedet
beʕerkat “po medabrim ʕivrit”
(“Hebrew spoken here”: The type of Hebrew taught in the set of records). In
mexonat hadibur betor more safot: po medabrim ʕivrit (
The Speech Machine as a Language Teacher: Hebrew Spoken Here),
Shlomo Izre’el (ed.), 212–236. Tel Aviv: The Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press.
Cohen, Chaim E.
2014
kecad maʕamidim diqduq ʕivri tiqni ben yamenu
(Setting grammatical norms for
contemporary Hebrew).
Lešonenu La’am 62(3–4): 99–105.
Cooper, Robert L.
1989 Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge: CUP.
Coupland, Nikolas
2007 Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge: CUP.
Dalmatzky-Fischler, Brakha
2000
ʕagnon, yalon vetur halašon: šikule hasofer, habalšan vehaposeq besugyat
hanormativiyut
(S.Y. Agnon, H. Yalon and the Hebrew language column). In
sefer refaʔel nir: meħqarim betiqšoret, bevalšanut uvehoraʔat lašon (
Raphael Nir Jubilee Book: Studies in Communication, Linguistics, and Language Teaching),
Ora Rodrigue Schwarzwald,
Shoshana Blum-Kulka &
Elite Olshtaon (eds), 144–165. Jerusalem: Carmel.
Dubnov, Keren & Mor, Uri
2012 biglal šehi barat toqef: šne pratim baʕivrit haqduma uvaʕivrit haneħševet bilti
tiqnit (Because it is Valid: Two Details in Classical Hebrew and non-normative Hebrew).
Ha’Ivrit 60(3–4): 99–121.
Efrati, Nathan
2004 milšon yeħidim lilšon ʔuma: hadibur haʕivri beʔerec yisraʔel bašanim 5642–5682
(1881–1922) (
The Evolution of Spoken Hebrew in Pre-State Israel, 1881–1922). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Efrati, Nathan
2010 haʕivrit birʕi hamedina: maʕamadah haciburi šel haʕivrit meʔaz yisud hamedina (
The Hebrew Republic: Hebrew and Its Status in the Israeli Public Domain). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Elboim-Dror, Rachel
1986 haħinux haʕivri beʔerec yisraʔel (
Hebrew Education in Eretz Israel), Vol. 1: 1854–1914. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi.
Elboim-Dror, Rachel
1990 haħinux haʕivri beʔerec yisraʔel (
Hebrew Education in Eretz Israel), Vol. 2: 1914–1920. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi.
Eldar, Ilan
1989
masorot hahagiya šel haʕivrit
(Pronunciation traditions of Hebrew).
Massorot 3–4: 3–36.
Eldar, Ilan
2010 tixnun lašon beyisraʔel (
Language Planning in Israel). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Elspaß, Stephan
2005 Language norm and language reality: Effectiveness and limits of prescriptivism in New High
German. In
Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages,
Nils Langer &
Winifred V. Davies (eds), 20–45. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
Epstein, Izhac
1947 hegyoney lašon (
Language Cogitations). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Even-Zohar, Itamar
1990 Poetics Today 11(1).
Special issue Polysystem Studies
.
Fellman, Jack
1974 The Academy of the Hebrew Language: Its history, structure, and function.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1: 95–103.
Fishman, Joshua A.
1983 Modeling rationales in corpus planning: Modernity and tradition in images of the good
corpus. In
Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives,
Juan Cobarrubias &
Joshua A. Fishman (eds), 107–118. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fishman, Joshua A.
1989 [1972]
Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays, part II: The impact of nationalism on language
and language planning. In
Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective, 269–367. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Gadish, Ronit
2013a
rašot ʕarim vehamišna lanasi: ʕal curot neqeva šel tafqidim šememalʔot
našim
(Female mayors and deputy-president of the Supreme Court: On feminine forms of positions occupied by
women).
Academ 47: 2.
Gadish, Ronit
2013b The Academy of the Hebrew Language. In
Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Vol. 1,
Geoffrey Khan (ed.), 7–19. Leiden: Brill.
Gafter, Roey J.
2016 What’s a stigmatized variant doing in the word list? Authenticity in reading styles and Hebrew
pharyngeals.
Journal of Sociolinguistics 20(1): 31–58.
Gill, Martin
2012 Nativeness, authority, authenticity: The construction of belonging and exclusion in debates about English language proficiency and immigration in Britain. In
The Languages of Nation: Attitudes and Norms,
Carol Percy &
Mary Catherine Davidson (eds), 271–291. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Glinert, Lewis
1987 Hebrew-Yiddish diglossia: Type and stereotype implications of the language of Ganzfried’s
kitzur
.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language 67: 39–55.
Glinert, Lewis H.
1988 Did pre-revival Hebrew literature have its own Langue? Quotation and improvization
in Mendele Mokher Sefarim.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51(3): 413–427.
Gonen, Einat
2013 Normativism. In
Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Vol. 2,
Geoffrey Khan (ed.), 847–852. Leiden: Brill.
Harnik, Meir
1972
cavaʔa radyofonit: tšuva ʔaħarona lešomre ħomot hasafa
(Radiophonic testament: A final response to the language gatekeepers). In
barašut (
the Broadcasting Authority) 17: 15–16.
Harshav, Benjamin
1993 Language in Time of Revolution. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Harshav, Benjamin
2010 Language: Multilingualism. In
The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe,
Gershon D. Hundert (ed.).
[URL].
Har-Zahav, Tzvi
1930 lešon dorenu (
The Language of Our Age). Tel Aviv: Hapoʕel Hacaʕir.
The Hebrew Language Committee
1913
hamivta? vehaktiv
(Pronunciation and spelling).
Proceedings of the Hebrew Language Committee 3: 24–49.
[URL]
Helman, Anat
2002 “Even the dogs in the street bark in Hebrew”: National ideology and everyday culture in
Tel-Aviv.
The Jewish Quarterly Review 92(3–4): 359–382.
Henshke, Yehudit
2013 Sara Shilo’s No Gnomes Will Appear: A linguistic analysis.
Hebrew Studies 54: 265–284.
Henshke, Yehudit
2017 Israeli, Jewish, Mizraḥi or Traditional? On the nature of the Hebrew of Israel’s
periphery.
Journal of Jewish Studies 68(1): 137–157.
Hymes, Dell
1972 Models of the interaction of language and social life: Toward a descriptive theory. In
Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication,
John J. Gumperz &
Dell Hymes (eds), 35–71. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Irvine, Judith T. & Gal, Susan
2000 Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In
Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities,
Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), 35–84. Santa Fe NM: School of American Research Press.
Kaddari, Menahem Z.
1978
ʕiyun betoldot halašon haʕivrit hamodernit
(Research in the history of Modern Hebrew).
Criticism and Interpretation 11–12: 5–17.
Kaplan, Robert B. & Baldauf, Richard B. Jr.
1997 Language Planning from Practice to Theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Katriel, Tamar
1986 Talking Straight: Dugri Speech in Israeli Sabra Culture. Cambridge: CUP.
Kuzar, Ron
2001 Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Liebes, Tamar & Kampf, Zohar
2009
‘halo! yerušalayim medaberet’ haħyaʔat hadibur haʕivri baradyo hamandatori
(1936–1948)
(‘Hallo! This is Jerusalem calling: The role of ‘Kol Yerushalayim’ in the revival of spoken Hebrew,
1936–1948).
Cathedra 133: 105–132.
Marco, Aryeh
2008 lešon hapirsomet baradyo hamamlaxti uvaradyo haʔazori (
The Language of Advertising in National and Regional Radio Stations). MA thesis, Bar-Ilan University.
Marco, Aryeh
2009 radyo daber elay (Radio, speak to me).
Panim 46: 46–58.
Matras, Yaron & Schiff, Lora
2005 Spoken Israeli Hebrew revisited: Structures and variation.
Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement 16: 145–191. Special issue
Studia Semitica: The Journal of Semitic Studies
Jubilee
Volume
.
Milroy, James & Milroy, Lesley
1999[1985]
Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation, 3rd edn. London: Routledge.
Mishani, Dror
2004
hamizraħi kehafraʕa lešonit
(The
mizraxi as linguistic aberration). In
ħazut mizraħit: hove hanaʕ bisvax ʕavaro (
Eastern Appearance: A Present that Stirs in the Thickets of Its Arab Past),
Yigal Nizri (ed.), 83–89. Tel Aviv: Babel.
Mor, Uri
2016
šaloš betin mefuqpaqot
(Three questionable bets).
Leshonenu 78(3): 305–333.
Mor, Uri
2017 Prescriptivism, nation, and style: The role of nonclassical elements in the stylistic
stratification of Modern Hebrew.
Sociolinguistic Studies 11(1): 1–20.
Mor, Uri & Sichel, Ivy
2015
“yeš ħofeš medina badibur haze”: haʕivrit hayelidit vehagašaš haħiver
(Native Hebrew and
Ha-Gashash Ha-Chiver trio).
Carmillim 11: 133–182.
Morag, Shelomo
1959 Planned and unplanned development in Modern Hebrew.
Lingua 8(3): 247–263.
Myhill, John
2004 A parameterized view of the concept of ‘correctness’.
Multilingua 23(4): 389–416.
Nahir, Moshe
1978 Normativism and educated speech in Modern Hebrew.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language 18: 49–67.
Neuman, Yishai
2013
mocaʔa šel hadu-tnuʕah ey baʕivrit bat zmanenu vehagormim hamatnim ʔet
tfucatah
(The origin of the diphthong
ey in contemporary Hebrew and the factors that regulate its
distribution). In
Hebrew – A Living Language, Vol. 6,
Rina Ben-Shahar &
Nitsa Ben-Ari (eds), 237–260. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Niedzielski, Nancy
2005 Linguistic purism from several perspectives: Views from the “secure” and “insecure”. In
Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages,
Nils Langer &
Winifred V. Davies (eds), 252–262. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Nir, Raphael
2011
lemašmaʕutah šel “norma lešonit” baʕivrit bat yamenu
(On the meaning of “linguistic norm” in contemporary Hebrew). In
yalqut halašon lamixlalot leħinux: mivħar maʔamarim baʕivrit haħadaša uvehoraʔat
halašon (
Language Anthology for Colleges of Education: A Selection of Essays on Modern Hebrew and Language
Teaching),
Gila Shilo &
Luba Charlap (eds), 61–70. Tel Aviv: The Mofet Institute.
Ofer, Yosef
2007
rešito šel hamivta hayisreʔeli
(The beginning of Israeli pronunciation). In
šaʕare lašon: meħkarim balašon haʕivrit, baʔaramit uvilšonot hayehudim mugašim lemoše
bar-ašer (
Shaʻarei Lashon: Studies in Hebrew, Aramaic and Jewish Languages Presented to Moshe Bar-Asher), Vol. 3,
Aharon Maman,
Steven E. Fassberg &
Yochanan Breuer (eds), 166–172. Jerusalem: The Bialik Institute.
Or, Iair G.
2016 borʔim signon ledor: haʔemunot vehaʔideʔologyot šel metaxnene halašon haʕivrit beʔerec
yisraʔel (
Creating a Style for a Generation: The Beliefs and Ideologies of Hebrew Language Planners). Tel Aviv: Ov – Z.A.P.
Ornan, Uzzi
1984 Hebrew in Palestine before and after 1882.
Journal of Semitic Studies 29(2): 225–254.
Penslar, Derek Jonathan
2003 Transmitting Jewish culture: Radio in Israel.
Jewish Social Studies n.s. 10(1): 1–29.
Peretz, Yitzhak
1968 ʕivrit kahalaxa: madrix beʕinyene lašon (
Proper Hebrew: A Language Guidebook), 3rd edn. Tel Aviv: Sreberk.
Pines, Yehiel Michael
1893
davar laʕosqim bitħiyat sfatenu
(A word for the revivers of our language).
Haʔor 27 January.
Rabin, Chaim
1983 The sociology of normativism in Israeli Hebrew.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language 41: 41–56.
Rabin, Chaim
1985
hanormativiyut halešonit ketofaʕa ħevratit
(Normativity as a social
phenomenon). In
ʔuma velašon: sefer zikaron lifrofesor ʔarye tartakover (
Nation and Language: Aryeh Tartakower Memorial Volume),
M. Zahari et al. (eds), 265–276. Jerusalem: World Association for Hebrew Language and Culture.
Ravid, Dorit
1995 Language Change in Child and Adult Hebrew: A Psycholinguistic Perspective. Oxford: OUP.
Reshef, Yael
2012
hitbasesut hadibur haʕivri bitqufat hamandat
(Hebrew speech taking root during the
British Mandate period). In
mexonat hadibur betor more safot: po medabrim ʕivrit (
The Speech Machine as a Language Teacher: Hebrew Spoken Here),
Shlomo Izre’el (ed.), 143–162. Tel Aviv: The Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press.
Reshef, Yael
2013a Revival of Hebrew: Grammatical structure and lexicon. In
Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Vol. 3,
Geoffrey Khan (ed.) 397–405. Leiden: Brill.
Reshef, Yael
2013b Revival of Hebrew: Sociolinguistic dimension. In
Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics, Vol. 3,
Geoffrey Khan (ed.), 408–415. Leiden: Brill.
Reshef, Yael
2015 haʕivrit bitqufat hamandat (
Hebrew in the Mandate Period). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Reshef, Yael
2016 Written Hebrew of the revival generation as a distinct phase in the evolution of Modern
Hebrew.
Journal of Semitic Studies 61(1): 187–213.
Reshef, Yael & Helman, Anat
2009 Instructing or recruiting? Language and style in 1920s and 1930s Tel Aviv municipal
posters.
Jewish Studies Quarterly 16(3): 306–332.
Rosén, Haiim B.
1953
ʕal standard venorma, ʕal tahalixim ušgiʔot (Standard and norm, processes and
mistakes) [part 1].
Lĕšonenu La’am 4(6): 3–8.
Rosén, Haiim
1956 haʕivrit šelanu: dmutah beʔor šitot habalšanut (
Our Hebrew: Its Character in Light of Linguistic Methods). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Rosner, Rachel
2009
hamatarot šel horaʔat hadiqduq bevet hasefer hatixon miqum hamedina veʕad
yamenu
(The goals of teaching grammar in high school in Israel, 1948–2008).
Theory into Practice in Curriculum Planning 20: 203–217.
Rotenberg, Shani
2007
tahalix gibuš lešon hašidur haʕivrit be“qol yisraʔel” bašanim harišonot leʔaħar
haqamat hamedina
(The Consolidation Process of the Hebrew Language in Kol Israel’s Broadcasts during the Early Years after
the Establishment of the State of Israel). PhD dissertation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
Sadka, Isaac
1997
ʕivrit tat-tiqnit qvila
(Substandard acceptable Hebrew). In
meħqarim betaħbir uvesemantiqa (
Studies in Hebrew Syntax and Semantics), 502–510. Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press.
Segal, Miryam
2008 A New Sound in Hebrew Poetry: Poetics, Politics, Accent. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.
Shalom, Tsila
1999
tmurot behoraʔat lašon
(Changes in language teaching). In
hitpatħutah šel hahoraʔa bemosdot haħinux beyisraʔel (
Developments in Teaching: The Israeli Case),
Rivka Glaubman &
Yaacov Iram (eds), 419–437. Tel Aviv: Ramot.
Shalom, Tsila
2012
limud ʕivrit beʔerec yisraʔel uvatfucot: hebetim pedagogiyim
(Teaching Hebrew in
Eretz-Israel and in the diaspora: Pedagogical aspects). In
mexonat hadibur betor more safot: po medabrim ʕivrit (
The Speech Machine as a Language Teacher: Hebrew Spoken Here),
Shlomo Izre’el (ed.), 114–142. Tel Aviv: The Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press.
Shohamy, Elana
2008 At what cost? Methods of language revival and protection – examples from Hebrew. In
Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties,
Kendall A. King,
Natalie Schilling-Estes,
Jia Jackie Lou,
Lyn Fogle &
Barbara Soukup (eds), 205–218. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Silverstein, Michael
1996 Monoglot “standard” in America: Standardization and metaphors of linguistic
hegemony. In
The Matrix of Language: Contemporary Linguistic Anthropology,
Donald Brenneis &
Ronald K. S. Macaulay (eds), 284–306. Boulder CO: Westview.
Strelēvica-Ošiņa, Dace
2016 Who loves prescriptivism and why? Some aspects of language correctness in Latvia.
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(3): 253–262. Special issue
Attitudes to Prescriptivism
.
Tamaševičius, Giedrius
2016 The role of linguists in metalinguistic discourse in Modern Lithuania.
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(3): 243–252. Special issue
Attitudes to Prescriptivism
.
Taylor, Talbot J.
1997 Theorizing Language: Analysis, Normativity, Rhetoric, History, Oxford: Pergamon.
Tene, David
1996
šaloš heʕarot ʕal haxvanat halašon haʕivrit (5650–5750, 1890–1990) (Three comments on the regulation of Hebrew [1890–1990]). In
halašon haʕivrit behitpatħutah uvehitħadšutah (
Evolution and Renewal: Trends in the Development of the Hebrew Language), 212–244. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah
1988 The influence of changing group vitality on convergence toward a dominant linguistic norm: An
Israeli example.
Language and Communication 8(3–4): 285–305.
Cited by
Cited by 2 other publications
Berman, Ruth A.
2022.
Developmental Pathways in Child and Adult Hebrew: The Case of the Subordinator še-. In
Developing Language and Literacy [
Literacy Studies, 23],
► pp. 3 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.