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Part of
The Perfect Volume: Papers on the perfect
Edited by Kristin Melum Eide and Marc Fryd
[
Studies in Language Companion Series
217] 2021
► pp.
479
–
485
◄
previous
Index
A
abessive
26, 149–150, 152, 155–157
adjacency
32, 118, 121, 130, 350, 397, 406, 422–423, 427, 434
adverbials
13–14, 20–21, 24, 27–28, 43, 49–50, 56–57, 60–61, 70, 86, 102, 146, 155, 181–197, 200–207, 211, 252, 255, 264, 291–292, 298, 305–313, 320, 322, 430, 442–444, 461, 463, 475
frame adverbial
192
time adverbials
13, 181–186, 188–191, 193–197, 200–204, 206, 255, 291, 308–313, 430, 461
locating time adverbial
192–194
proximative demonstrative time adverbials
183
punctual time adverbials
182, 200–201, 203 ;
See also
duration-quantifying contexts & adverbials; left boundary; universally quantifying contexts & adverbials
Agul
25, 87–89, 91–102, 105–108, 110–111, 114–115, 153
Already
See also
iamitive
3, 10, 17, 21, 23–24, 43–44, 54–56, 60–61, 69, 75–76, 80–81, 83, 100, 127, 141, 143, 165, 167, 169–171, 173–174, 199, 201, 216, 225, 233, 243, 267, 291, 300, 344, 347, 353, 429, 432
anterior
3–4, 33, 182, 200, 210, 213, 218, 239, 247–248, 258, 429–432, 441–442, 444, 460, 470
anteriority
12, 28, 39, 126, 183, 189, 213, 217–218, 221–224, 226–228, 232, 234–235, 403, 432
aorist
2, 6, 13, 25, 76, 87, 89, 92–102, 105, 112, 114, 186, 189, 217
aoristic drift
1, 3–4, 8, 10–13, 23, 27–28, 33, 189, 214, 234, 442, 453, 459
aoristicization
12, 189, 213–214, 221
Archi
25, 87–89, 91–92, 95, 97–99, 102–104, 107–108, 110–111, 114–115
aspect
2, 6, 11, 15–19, 25–27, 35–39, 46, 63, 67–68, 73, 81, 84, 86–90, 92, 94, 97, 113–115, 119, 121–125, 127–128, 130, 132–136, 138, 156–161, 164–169, 172, 175–177, 200, 202, 204, 207–211, 214–215, 222, 228, 237–239, 241, 245–248, 257–258, 283–284, 314, 320, 344, 355–356, 361–362, 393, 396, 419, 434–437, 444, 458, 460, 476–478
Atayal
24–25, 65–69, 71, 73, 75–79, 81–84
Austronesian languages
47
auxiliary
1, 5–9, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 25–26, 29–35, 67–71, 76, 79, 81, 87, 90, 92–94, 96–99, 108–109, 111–112, 117–118, 120–123, 127–135, 137, 140, 142–143, 147–148, 150–155, 157, 171, 183, 187, 205, 247, 254, 261, 264–267, 270–271, 279, 286, 288–289, 291–293, 295–296, 298–304, 306, 308–309, 312–326, 328–329, 332, 335–336, 341–345, 356–357, 359, 361–363, 365–367, 373–374, 376–377, 382–385, 388–389, 391–392, 394–395, 397–398, 400–401, 408, 410, 412–414, 421–424, 427, 431, 433, 437, 439, 441, 443, 445, 447–450, 452–458, 461–463, 465–466, 468–475
auxiliary reduction
33, 439, 441, 445, 447, 450, 452–457
auxiliary selection
30–31, 271, 289, 291–293, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 304, 306, 308–309, 312–318, 320, 322, 324–326, 328–329, 332, 335–336, 341
auxiliary verb
29, 112, 118, 120, 129, 183, 205, 261, 363, 441, 447
finite auxiliary
16, 118, 130–132, 134, 345, 427
passive auxiliary
264–265
perfect auxiliary
31, 76, 261, 270, 286, 292, 313, 316–317, 319–320, 324–326, 332, 335–336, 343, 365–367, 374, 382, 384–385, 391, 414, 423, 437
subject-auxiliary ellipsis
461, 465, 469, 472, 475
Avar-Andic
87, 153
Azeri
108
B
Bagwalal
153, 160
Balkan Slavic languages
156
Baltic
7, 137, 147–149, 158
Balto-Finnic languages
149
Belarusian
147–148
biclausality
117, 131, 133–134
Bokmål
366, 368, 371–372, 374, 376, 380, 382–384, 389
Budugh
88, 95, 97–98, 102–103, 109–110, 115
Bulgarian
51, 139, 141, 147
Burmese
153, 156
C
Catalan
14, 27–28, 35, 38, 51, 76, 84, 181–190, 192–200, 202–209, 211, 218, 222, 229, 234, 237, 240, 250, 386, 393, 395, 459
catastrophe
324, 337
Caucasian Albanian
88, 97, 113
clitic
108, 127, 164–166, 169–171, 175, 256, 423, 449–450, 466, 470
cliticization.
Also
cliticisation
9, 130, 408, 427, 433, 461, 462, 469–470, 472, 474–475
enclitic
89, 97, 108, 408
competition
12, 28, 30–31, 69, 79, 83, 118, 181, 184–185, 205, 291–292, 304, 313, 319–321, 326, 328–329, 335, 428, 464
completive
25, 74, 76, 83, 123, 133, 166, 247
conclusive
66, 74–75, 83, 284
contact (language contact, contact variety)
4, 10, 12, 25–26, 31, 36–37, 112, 117–120, 128, 133–136, 160, 235, 238, 245, 258, 319–320, 323–327, 329–331, 335, 342, 390, 395
continuative
49, 84, 145, 157, 216–217, 224, 443, 455
continuative perfect
49
continuity condition
49, 51–53
convergence
117–118, 135–136, 257, 377
copular verb
261, 352
semi-copular verb
261
corpus data
32, 146, 150, 343, 447, 453
counterfactual
7, 31–32, 295–296, 298–299, 301, 334, 346, 365, 368–371, 373, 376–377, 381, 383–384, 388–390, 392, 394, 397, 402–404, 407, 410, 412–414, 417–418
current relevance
1, 3, 10–11, 21, 25–27, 60, 75, 83, 87, 89, 100–101, 106, 110–111, 138–139, 145, 167, 221, 237, 241, 243, 246, 249–250, 254, 430, 441–442, 453, 456, 463–464
cycle
5, 20–23, 28, 97, 183, 193–194, 256
D
desemanticization
439–440, 451–452
diachrony
23, 26, 36, 133, 157, 163, 241, 258, 314, 444, 477
discourse marking
34, 461, 475
dialect.
Also
dialectal
12–13, 24, 26, 31, 30, 32–33, 66–67, 81, 88, 93, 96, 108, 121–122, 126, 132–135, 147–151, 153, 164, 182, 225, 228, 232, 241, 267, 295, 300, 302, 304–305, 311, 313, 319–320, 324–331, 333, 335, 337, 367–378, 380, 382, 384–393, 433, 439, 442, 444, 451–452, 463, 466
double
8–9, 28, 39, 143, 215, 234, 261, 281–282, 285–286, 305, 310–311, 316, 378, 396, 405–406, 420, 429, 434, 436–437
double comparative
406
auxiliary-doubling
8, 30, 309
have
-doubling
32, 397 ;
See also
Perfect:
double perfect, perfect doubling
Dumi
155, 159
duration-quantifying contexts & adverbials
24, 43, 50–51, 54–56, 60–61
Dutch
29–30, 50–51, 54, 56, 120–121, 182, 261–268, 270–271, 273–274, 276, 279–282, 285–288, 291–293, 295, 297–299, 301–305, 313–315, 339, 367, 385–388, 414
E
East Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian)
25, 87–88, 91, 95, 113–115
ellipsis
4, 7–8, 35, 118, 209, 376, 395, 461, 465, 467, 469–470, 472, 475 ;
See also
Auxiliary:
subject-auxiliary ellipsis
English
1, 5, 7, 9–11, 15, 20–24, 28, 30–40, 44, 48–51, 53–58, 60–61, 63, 65–66, 85, 94, 112, 118–119, 125–126, 130–131, 138–141, 147, 150–151, 155–156, 159–161, 181–182, 184–187, 189, 191, 195–205, 207–211, 214, 216, 219, 221, 226, 240–241, 249–250, 262, 266, 271, 279–280, 285, 289, 291–298, 301–310, 312–315, 317, 319–321, 323–342, 344, 355–357, 363, 368, 378, 385, 394–395, 397–402, 404–405, 407–419, 421, 424, 427, 430, 433–437, 440, 451–452, 455, 457, 459–463, 465–468, 470, 474–478
Australian English
33–34, 39, 250, 457, 460–461, 463, 476–478
Irish English
38, 151, 159
Middle English
7, 249, 320–321, 324, 326, 328–332, 335–337, 399–401, 404–405, 411, 413, 424, 433
Old English
31, 297–298, 319–321, 323–326, 328–329, 335–338, 341, 400, 412
erosion
33, 439–440, 445–446, 451
evaluative
27, 163, 172, 174–176, 473
event focus
117
evidentiality
14–15, 25, 87, 89, 99–100, 106, 108–109, 111, 172, 305, 385–386
indirect (indirective) evidential
25, 87, 89, 100, 106
experiential
11–12, 25, 27, 33, 60, 65–66, 71, 74, 77–81, 83–84, 87, 89, 97, 100, 104–105, 141–142, 144, 146, 181–182, 191, 193–194, 201, 215–217, 246, 291, 293–294, 298, 302, 324, 356, 397, 429–431, 434, 443, 471, 477
extended-
now
307–308 ;
See also
Present:
extended present
F
feature
8, 18, 26–27, 31–32, 61, 76, 79, 90, 117, 120, 122–123, 128, 134, 155–156, 166, 218, 220, 233, 245, 256, 281, 327, 343, 356–361, 367–368, 380, 400, 412, 418–419, 431, 433
finiteness
25, 31, 36, 114, 117–118, 120–122, 126, 129, 132, 134–136, 161, 343, 355, 357, 359, 361, 363–364, 369, 376, 379, 394, 435, 476
formalisation.
Also
formalization
146, 204, 248
French
4, 7–9, 11–13, 23, 50–51, 53–54, 57, 182, 199, 203, 213–214, 219–220, 222, 231–235, 238, 241, 251, 254–255, 395, 397, 429, 434, 442, 453, 455, 469
functional
13–14, 25, 31, 33, 87, 97, 99, 111, 117, 119–120, 122–125, 131, 134–135, 154, 160–161, 205, 213, 221, 232, 234, 242, 246, 256, 277, 317, 323, 337, 355, 361–363, 377, 393, 397, 444, 453
G
generalization.
Also
generalisation
199, 277, 384–385, 387, 411, 440, 469
overgeneralisation.
Also
over-generalisation
225, 320
generative grammar
29, 261, 269–270, 275, 278, 283
German
8–9, 11, 13, 23, 28, 30, 35, 39–40, 50–52, 54, 86, 151, 182, 185–186, 189, 196–197, 199–200, 203, 205, 210, 241, 249, 261, 267, 270, 273–274, 276, 279, 287, 289, 291–299, 301–315, 317, 325, 367, 385–388, 394, 396, 414, 429, 433–434
Germanic
7–8, 15–16, 29–32, 36, 39, 156, 261, 263–264, 266–267, 276–277, 279, 284–289, 291–293, 295–298, 301, 304–306, 309, 313, 315, 317, 323, 341, 343–344, 363, 370, 372, 376, 384–385, 387, 389, 393–396, 414, 429, 436–437
Godoberi
153, 159
Gothic
263, 267, 284, 293, 301
grammaticalization.
Also
grammaticalisation
3–4, 15, 23, 29–30, 33, 36–37, 39, 55, 81, 84–89, 93, 97, 106, 113–114, 147, 156, 160, 210–211, 214, 231, 238–239, 241–242, 244–248, 251, 255–258, 264–266, 288, 291, 293, 304, 308–309, 313–314, 317, 398–399, 435, 437, 439–441, 444–446, 461, 451–460, 474–475, 478
primary grammaticalization
444, 455–456
secondary grammaticalization
33, 439, 444, 454–456, 459
Greek
2, 4, 6, 10–11, 13, 50–51, 54–56, 139, 198, 403, 416
H
ha
-omission
31, 343, 345, 347, 349–355, 357, 361, 384
have
-drop
398
have
-less
1, 31, 340, 365, 370, 376, 392, 394, 397, 399, 402, 404–405, 407, 409–410, 412, 415, 435
have
-omission
31–33, 341, 365–370, 374, 376, 379, 382–384, 388, 392, 397–398, 406, 411–412, 416–418, 423, 433
Helsinki Corpus
319–320, 326, 328–331, 333–334, 337, 341
hesternal
242–244, 250, 253–255
hodiernal.
Also
same day of speaking
14, 20, 27–28, 33, 181–196, 203–204, 206–207, 211, 216, 231, 242–244, 246, 250, 253, 255, 441, 443–444, 449
horror aequi
32, 397, 406, 411–412
I
Iamitive
See also
already
2, 24, 44, 48, 55, 60, 62, 65, 76, 82, 84, 121, 127, 132
informal
31, 201, 345, 424
infinitive
18–19, 26, 32, 62, 92–93, 112, 125, 135, 149–150, 152, 157, 187, 236, 265, 351, 365, 367–370, 372, 376, 379–381, 384, 387–390, 392–393, 398, 402–405, 407, 409–411, 413–415, 417, 421, 423, 427, 433, 436, 440, 446 ;
See also
Irrealis:
irrealis infinitive
, Perfect:
infinitival (infinitive) perfect
intersubjectivity
461, 474
Irrealis
32–33, 68, 94, 125, 176, 365, 367, 369, 380–381, 384, 388–390, 392, 397, 402, 404, 412, 423–424, 433
irrealis
infinitive
32, 365, 380–381, 384, 388–390, 392
Italian
9, 12–13, 38, 51, 54, 150, 156, 182, 214, 232, 245, 280, 288–289, 442, 453
J
Japanese
70, 154, 156, 158, 160
K
Khwarshi
152–153, 156, 159
Kiranti
155
Kirinda
121, 129–130, 135
Kryz
88, 95, 97–98, 101, 103–104, 108, 110, 113
L
language change
23, 29, 244, 257, 261, 288–289, 341, 399, 430, 476
language contact
4, 12, 31, 36–37, 136, 245, 319–320, 324–325, 330–331, 335, 342, 390, 395
Latvian
51, 54, 137, 147, 156, 158
left-boundary (contexts, adverbials)
24, 43, 49, 56–58, 60–62, 201, 205
lexical
30, 31, 33, 66, 118–120, 191, 230–231, 245–247, 256, 273, 286, 314, 327, 343, 350, 355, 427, 444, 446–447, 452
lexical functional grammar (LFG)
31, 343, 355, 361–363
lexical restriction
31, 102, 295, 345–346, 349, 355, 361
lexical verb
5–7, 19, 25–26, 30, 67, 81, 90, 93–94, 96–97, 118, 120–123, 126, 129–134, 137, 147–150, 153–156, 205, 216, 269, 274–275, 291–292, 295, 311, 348, 356, 358, 468
Lezgian
88, 91, 95–99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110–111, 113
Lezgic
5, 25, 87–94, 96–97, 99–102, 104–106, 108–111, 113–114
Limbu
155–156, 159
linguistic area
117, 119, 126–128, 135
Lithuanian
26, 51, 54, 137–138, 140–150, 155–161
M
Mainland Scandinavian
1, 7, 221, 325, 365, 381
modal pluperfect
397, 412–413, 415–416, 421–424, 427, 433
morphology
3–4, 12, 29, 31, 38, 40, 113–114, 119–120, 122, 125, 134, 137, 163–164, 168, 174, 198, 216, 249, 254, 257, 287, 292, 305–306, 341, 343, 356, 358, 361–364, 371, 387, 393, 395, 434–435, 476
morphological rule
262, 275, 280–282
mutative intransitive
29, 261–262, 266–270, 275, 278, 282–283, 319–320, 324, 326–327, 329, 333–334, 337
mutative verb
328–331, 333–334
N
Nakh-Daghestanian languages
113–114, 152
negation
26, 32, 34, 70, 84–85, 97, 112, 117, 119, 123, 125, 129–130, 133–135, 137–140, 142–161, 176, 236, 376–377, 422, 426
constituent negation
26, 129, 135, 146
genitive of negation
26, 146, 158
negative events
139, 158
sentential negation
26, 146, 151–152, 155, 161
Ngwi
154
Norsification Package
319, 326–328, 332, 337
North Russian
156
Northern Swedish
151–152, 156
Norwegian
1, 7–8, 11, 15, 20–21, 23, 30–32, 36, 38, 51, 194, 196–197, 199, 208, 292, 295, 301, 305, 309, 313, 323–325, 340, 344, 363–371, 373–376, 378–382, 384–390, 392–396, 401, 412, 435–436 ;
See also
Nynorsk
Nuosu
154
neutralisation
232
Nynorsk
365–366, 369, 374, 379, 382, 389–390
O
organization.
Also
organisation
93, 119, 122, 169
reorganisation
319, 337
Occitan
14, 182, 184, 187, 189, 208–209, 250
Old Norse
7, 31–32, 36, 297, 302, 319–320, 323, 325, 327, 329, 337, 340, 365, 369–373, 378–380, 384, 388, 392–394, 412
Old Slavic
149
overlap reading
171
P
paradigm
2, 9–10, 70, 77, 89–90, 92–94, 169, 343, 356, 361, 379, 442–443, 450, 465
parallel corpus
43, 158
participle
1, 6–7, 9, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 29, 34, 36, 62, 93, 95, 97–99, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 117–118, 122–123, 125–133, 135, 137, 140, 142–143, 147, 150–152, 157, 169, 172, 186, 236, 251, 255, 261–267, 270–271, 277–278, 281, 283–287, 291, 293–297, 301, 304, 314, 316, 320–321, 338, 341, 343, 355–356, 365, 367–368, 370, 373, 379, 381, 384, 388, 394–395, 398, 400–401, 404, 411–412, 415–416, 419, 421–424, 430–431, 433, 435–436, 441, 443, 446–448, 456, 459, 462–463, 465–468, 470–472, 474–475
adjectival participle
262, 264, 266, 277–278
conjunctive participle
117–118, 123, 126, 128
non-standard participle
465–466, 471
past participle
1, 6–7, 9, 16, 18, 21–22, 29, 62, 137, 140, 151, 169, 172, 251, 255, 261, 263, 265, 270–271, 277–278, 281, 283, 286, 304, 316, 321, 341, 355–356, 365, 367–368, 373, 379, 381, 384, 395, 398, 400–401, 404, 411–412, 415, 419, 421–424, 430–431, 433, 436, 441, 459, 462–463, 465, 468
perfective participle
95, 97–98, 105, 320
subjunctive participle
36, 367, 381, 388, 394
verbal participle
261, 277
passé composé
13, 213, 231–234, 237, 239, 251, 255, 453, 455
passé simple
213, 232–234, 237, 239, 255, 469
past
1, 3–4, 6–9, 11–23, 25, 27–30, 33, 37–39, 44, 48–49, 51–52, 56, 60, 62, 65, 67–68, 71–72, 77–80, 83–84, 86–87, 89–90, 92–94, 97, 99–101, 103–104, 106–107, 109–112, 115, 118, 121, 123, 125–126, 128, 133, 135, 137–138, 140, 142, 144, 147–148, 150–152, 156–157, 164–165, 167, 169, 172, 175, 181, 183–189, 191, 193–195, 201–202, 205–207, 209, 211, 213–216, 218, 220, 223–226, 228, 232–236, 238–239, 241–242, 246–248, 250–255, 257–258, 261–263, 265, 270–271, 275, 277–278, 280–286, 291–293, 295–296, 298–299, 301–314, 316, 320–321, 323–325, 335, 338, 341, 346, 349, 355–357, 365, 367–368, 370, 373, 376–377, 379–381, 383–384, 388, 393, 395, 398, 400–401, 404, 407, 411–412, 414–415, 419, 421–424, 426, 430–431, 433–434, 436, 439–445, 449, 452–453, 455–466, 468, 473–477
discontinuous past
65, 77–80, 83–84, 86, 93, 115
framepast.
Also
frame-past
66, 79
non-standard past
461
non-resultative past
79, 83–84
Spanish periphrastic past
33, 439, 459
unwitnessed past
89, 92, 97, 103, 107, 109–110
past counterfactual
295–296, 298–299, 301
past for future
100
See also
Participle:
past participle
PTS
See
perfect time span
Perfect.
Sub entries only
continuous perfect
49
double perfect
8–9, 261, 281–282, 286, 429
infinitival (infinitive) perfect
7, 18, 21–23, 365, 417, 427
perfect doubling
30, 291, 305–306, 309, 311–313
perfect meaning
27, 89, 109–111, 117, 128, 129, 241, 263, 461, 466
perfect in Romance languages
28, 213
perfect time span (PTS)
39, 49, 59, 181, 184, 203–207, 210, 223–224, 227–229, 317
periphrastic perfect
4, 6–7, 12, 29–31, 36, 96–97, 117–120, 122, 125–130, 137, 152, 208, 238, 241, 261–268, 274–275, 278–280, 282–285, 315, 319–320, 357, 363
present perfect puzzle
20, 38, 181, 184, 196–197, 203, 206, 209–210, 238–239, 307, 316–317
split perfect
150
synthetic perfect
6, 97–98
U-perfect
49
See also
Continuative:
continuative perfect
; Perfect:
perfect auxiliary
Perfective
3–5, 11–12, 25, 28–29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 61, 68, 72, 76–77, 87, 89–100, 103–105, 107, 109, 111–112, 118, 121–122, 126–128, 130, 133, 135, 156–157, 160, 164–165, 167, 172, 176, 183, 185–187, 189, 211, 214–215, 239, 241–242, 246–248, 250, 252–253, 255, 319–322, 324, 327–331, 333–334, 342, 344, 355–357, 361, 366, 369, 373, 440, 442, 444, 453, 455, 460, 464, 476
perfective converb
92–93, 95–98, 103–104, 107, 109, 111 ;
See also
Participle:
perfective participle
perfeito composto
222–224, 226, 239–240
periphrasis
31, 92, 111, 214, 222–223, 226, 241, 316, 343, 362–363, 422, 427, 429 ;
See also
Perfect:
periphrastic perfect
phonetic reduction
33, 251, 255, 439–440, 446, 455–456
pluperfect
2, 55, 66, 77–79, 83, 121, 126, 132, 218, 323, 373–374, 376–377, 397, 402, 412–413, 415–417, 421–424, 427, 433, 473
pluralisation
223, 225
plurality
222–223
Polish dialects in Lithuania
148
Portuguese
25, 29, 51, 117–121, 123–124, 132–136, 183, 213–214, 218–227, 235, 237, 258, 322, 442
Sri Lankan Portuguese (SLP)
25, 117, 119, 121, 123–124, 132–133, 135
pragmatics
26, 35, 63, 115, 120, 128, 144, 159, 161, 208, 210, 238, 258, 317, 436, 477
präteritumschwund
34, 304, 310, 317
prehodiernal
186, 207, 209, 216, 230–231, 237–238
prescription
407, 424
prescriptive
32, 397, 410
prescriptivism
32, 397, 411
present tense
16–18, 27–28, 31, 34, 50–51, 53, 55, 58, 68, 94, 99, 105, 111, 140–141, 148, 157, 181, 184, 187, 196–207, 219, 221, 263, 306, 314, 345–346, 349–350
extended present
See also
extended now
183, 220, 223, 229
present progressive
219, 221
present subjunctive
370–371, 393
present undefined
219
preterit
2, 8, 18, 20–22, 32–33, 39, 97, 208, 239, 255, 257–258, 334, 365, 370–375, 377–384, 388–389, 392–393, 443–445, 452–453, 459
preterit subjunctive
32, 370–375, 378, 384, 388, 392–393
pretérito perfecto simple
29, 210, 213, 227, 229, 236, 241–242, 257
progressive
16, 25, 53–54, 68–70, 72, 81, 83–84, 121, 130, 135, 154, 163–165, 169, 171, 174–176, 198–200, 202–203, 219, 221–222, 229
progressive morphology
198
See also Present tense:
present progressive
Trincomalee
118, 133–135
R
realis
401, 412, 428, 434
resultative
2–4, 6, 10–12, 14–15, 25, 33, 65–66, 69–73, 79, 81, 83–84, 86–87, 89, 94, 97, 100, 102–104, 106–112, 115, 137, 140–142, 146, 150–156, 159–160, 165, 181, 189, 191, 214–216, 223, 225–228, 230–231, 241, 246–247, 280, 283–286, 291–296, 298, 301–304, 317, 321, 323, 397, 414, 429–430, 434, 441–444, 477
resultant state
27, 69–70, 78, 141–142, 144, 165, 167, 169, 174, 176, 292, 294, 414
stative resultative
321
rhetorical relations
464, 473
Romance Languages
9, 14, 28, 32, 34–35, 39, 181, 184, 189, 192, 196, 211, 213, 216–218, 220–222, 225–226, 229, 234, 239, 248, 389, 395, 397, 441, 459–460
Rutul
88, 91, 96, 98, 100–101, 103, 105, 110–111, 113–114
S
Saami languages
150
scope
26, 34, 74, 120, 137–138, 144, 152–155, 159–160, 218, 224, 233, 255–256, 281, 283–284, 301, 321, 323–324, 361, 385, 461–462, 465, 470–475
S-curve
319, 326, 335–337
semantic change
258, 262, 440, 445, 461–463, 474–476, 478
semantic map
100, 109–111
semantics
1, 10, 13, 16, 19, 23, 25, 32, 37–38, 43–44, 53, 59, 63, 67, 74–76, 78, 80–81, 83, 85, 99–100, 111, 113–114, 122, 125, 140, 142, 144, 159–161, 173, 181, 184, 196, 199, 205, 207–210, 217, 238, 288, 292–293, 298, 306–308, 314–315, 363, 393, 395, 398, 404, 436, 476–477
singularisation
223
simultaneity
28–29, 126, 135, 169, 189, 207, 213, 217–218, 221–224, 226–235, 237
Sino-Tibetan languages
155
Slavic languages
54, 147, 156
source determination
241, 246–247
Southern Estonian (Võru)
149
Spanish
5, 9, 14, 27–29, 33, 35–37, 51, 139, 149, 152, 156, 163, 165, 172–173, 182–185, 187–190, 193, 200, 203, 208–210, 213–214, 216–217, 219–222, 224–231, 233–239, 241–242, 244–246, 249, 254, 256–258, 309, 317, 386–387, 395, 435, 439–445, 447, 449–450, 452, 454–460
American Spanish
213–214, 222, 225, 228, 230, 235
Argentinian
241, 245, 254, 258
European Spanish
14, 213, 217, 221–222, 228–231, 236–237
Peninsular Spanish
33, 139, 182–185, 188–189, 210, 239, 242, 258, 439–445, 449, 452
Rioplatense
29, 182, 208, 241–245, 249–256, 258, 460
Standard Peninsular Spanish
182–183, 185, 189
Sri Lankan Malay
25, 117–119, 121–124, 127, 129–131, 134–136, 153–154, 156
Standard Average European (SAE)
156
standard
4, 32, 70, 88, 150–151, 181, 249, 264, 272–273, 281, 284, 320–321, 325, 335, 366, 374, 377, 380–381, 385, 390–392, 405–406, 424, 430, 447, 449, 465–466, 471, 474–475
non-standard
32, 34, 366, 369–370, 382, 387–388, 397–400, 413, 419, 427, 461–468, 470–472, 474–475
sub-standard
310
standardization.
Also
standardisation
45, 62, 214, 164, 333, 335
strong verbs
263, 379, 465
subjectivation
228
supercompound
397–398, 412, 423–424, 427, 430–432, 434
supine
31–32, 294, 314, 343, 347–352, 354–358, 361, 365–370, 372–384, 387–393, 395–396, 420, 436–437
supine attraction
367–369
Swedish
8, 10, 20, 28, 30–31, 38–39, 50–51, 56, 61, 151–152, 156, 160, 194, 196–197, 199–200, 209–210, 255, 279, 289, 292–299, 301–303, 305, 309, 313, 316–317, 323, 325, 337, 341, 343–345, 348, 355–359, 361–364, 367, 369–370, 373, 382–384, 387–389, 394–396, 420, 436–437
T
Tabasaran
88, 95–96, 98, 101, 103, 105, 110–111, 113–115
target state
74, 140, 142, 292, 294
tense
2, 6, 11, 13–18, 20, 22, 25–31, 34–40, 46, 50–51, 53, 55, 57–58, 63, 67–68, 78, 84, 86–94, 96–97, 99, 101, 105–107, 109–111, 113–114, 118, 120–129, 132–135, 138, 140–141, 148, 156–161, 176–177, 181, 184–189, 193, 195–211, 213–215, 219–223, 229, 234, 237–239, 241, 245–247, 250, 253, 257–258, 261–268, 273–275, 278–280, 282–283, 285, 288–289, 293, 295–297, 304, 306, 308–311, 313–317, 321, 335, 341, 345–346, 349–350, 356, 358–359, 361–363, 369–370, 379–380, 384–385, 393–394, 396–397, 402–403, 417, 419, 421, 434–437, 458, 460–461, 463–466, 468–469, 475–478
narrative tense
101, 106, 110, 461, 463–464
tense-copying
397, 402–403, 419, 421
The Nordic Dialect Corpus
300, 305, 316–317, 367, 390–391, 395
The Nordic Dialect Database
390, 395
Tibeto-Burman
153
time
evaluation time
306
event time
16–17, 28, 174–175, 181, 184–186, 190–192, 196–197, 200–205, 207, 314, 463–464
speech time.
Also
time (moment/point/act) of speech
12, 14–16, 27, 44, 52–54, 74, 78, 80, 101, 104, 111, 165, 169, 174–175, 185, 215, 219, 246, 294, 306–308, 429, 430, 463
time vector
213
topic time
186, 215, 306–308, 314 ;
See also
adverbials, perfect time span
transitive verb
268, 276
Tsakhur
88–89, 91–92, 95, 97–99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 153, 160
Tsezic
87, 153
Turkic
100, 108
typology
23, 25, 41, 65, 79, 88, 137, 156, 427, 455
U
Udi
88–89, 91, 93–95, 97–98, 100–104, 108–111, 114
unaccusative
5, 30, 268, 270–276, 278–280, 282, 289, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 317, 325, 341
universal
3–4, 11, 23–24, 26, 32, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 53, 57, 60–62, 114, 128, 136, 141, 144, 155, 181, 200–203, 209–210, 216–217, 247, 291, 298, 307, 356, 397, 406
universally quantifying (contexts, adverbials)
24, 43, 50, 57–58, 60–61
up-to-now
52
V
verb movement
122–123, 134
W
Welsh
10, 149, 152, 156, 158
West Germanic languages
29, 261, 315
Z
Zapotec
26–27, 163–169, 171–172, 174–177