Index
A
- abessive
26, 149–150, 152, 155–157
- adjacency
32, 118, 121, 130, 350, 397, 406, 422–423, 427, 434
- adverbials
13–14, 20–21, 24, 27–28, 43, 49–50, 56–57, 60–61, 70, 86, 102, 146, 155, 181–197, 200–207, 211, 252, 255, 264, 291–292, 298, 305–313, 320, 322, 430, 442–444, 461, 463, 475
- time adverbials
13, 181–186, 188–191, 193–197, 200–204, 206, 255, 291, 308–313, 430, 461
- locating time adverbial
192–194
- proximative demonstrative time adverbials183
- punctual time adverbials
182, 200–201, 203
; See also duration-quantifying contexts & adverbials; left boundary; universally quantifying contexts & adverbials
- Agul
25, 87–89, 91–102, 105–108, 110–111, 114–115, 153
- AlreadySee also iamitive
3, 10, 17, 21, 23–24, 43–44, 54–56, 60–61, 69, 75–76, 80–81, 83, 100, 127, 141, 143, 165, 167, 169–171, 173–174, 199, 201, 216, 225, 233, 243, 267, 291, 300, 344, 347, 353, 429, 432
- anterior
3–4, 33, 182, 200, 210, 213, 218, 239, 247–248, 258, 429–432, 441–442, 444, 460, 470
- anteriority
12, 28, 39, 126, 183, 189, 213, 217–218, 221–224, 226–228, 232, 234–235, 403, 432
- aorist
2, 6, 13, 25, 76, 87, 89, 92–102, 105, 112, 114, 186, 189, 217
- aoristic drift
1, 3–4, 8, 10–13, 23, 27–28, 33, 189, 214, 234, 442, 453, 459
- aoristicization
12, 189, 213–214, 221
- Archi
25, 87–89, 91–92, 95, 97–99, 102–104, 107–108, 110–111, 114–115
- aspect
2, 6, 11, 15–19, 25–27, 35–39, 46, 63, 67–68, 73, 81, 84, 86–90, 92, 94, 97, 113–115, 119, 121–125, 127–128, 130, 132–136, 138, 156–161, 164–169, 172, 175–177, 200, 202, 204, 207–211, 214–215, 222, 228, 237–239, 241, 245–248, 257–258, 283–284, 314, 320, 344, 355–356, 361–362, 393, 396, 419, 434–437, 444, 458, 460, 476–478
- Atayal
24–25, 65–69, 71, 73, 75–79, 81–84
- auxiliary
1, 5–9, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 25–26, 29–35, 67–71, 76, 79, 81, 87, 90, 92–94, 96–99, 108–109, 111–112, 117–118, 120–123, 127–135, 137, 140, 142–143, 147–148, 150–155, 157, 171, 183, 187, 205, 247, 254, 261, 264–267, 270–271, 279, 286, 288–289, 291–293, 295–296, 298–304, 306, 308–309, 312–326, 328–329, 332, 335–336, 341–345, 356–357, 359, 361–363, 365–367, 373–374, 376–377, 382–385, 388–389, 391–392, 394–395, 397–398, 400–401, 408, 410, 412–414, 421–424, 427, 431, 433, 437, 439, 441, 443, 445, 447–450, 452–458, 461–463, 465–466, 468–475
- auxiliary reduction
33, 439, 441, 445, 447, 450, 452–457
- auxiliary selection
30–31, 271, 289, 291–293, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 304, 306, 308–309, 312–318, 320, 322, 324–326, 328–329, 332, 335–336, 341
- auxiliary verb
29, 112, 118, 120, 129, 183, 205, 261, 363, 441, 447
- finite auxiliary
16, 118, 130–132, 134, 345, 427
- passive auxiliary
264–265
- perfect auxiliary
31, 76, 261, 270, 286, 292, 313, 316–317, 319–320, 324–326, 332, 335–336, 343, 365–367, 374, 382, 384–385, 391, 414, 423, 437
- subject-auxiliary ellipsis
461, 465, 469, 472, 475
B
- Balkan Slavic languages156
- Baltic
7, 137, 147–149, 158
- Balto-Finnic languages149
- biclausality
117, 131, 133–134
- Bokmål
366, 368, 371–372, 374, 376, 380, 382–384, 389
- Budugh
88, 95, 97–98, 102–103, 109–110, 115
- Bulgarian
51, 139, 141, 147
C
- Catalan
14, 27–28, 35, 38, 51, 76, 84, 181–190, 192–200, 202–209, 211, 218, 222, 229, 234, 237, 240, 250, 386, 393, 395, 459
- Caucasian Albanian
88, 97, 113
- clitic
108, 127, 164–166, 169–171, 175, 256, 423, 449–450, 466, 470
- cliticization. Also cliticisation
9, 130, 408, 427, 433, 461, 462, 469–470, 472, 474–475
- enclitic
89, 97, 108, 408
- competition
12, 28, 30–31, 69, 79, 83, 118, 181, 184–185, 205, 291–292, 304, 313, 319–321, 326, 328–329, 335, 428, 464
- completive
25, 74, 76, 83, 123, 133, 166, 247
- conclusive
66, 74–75, 83, 284
- contact (language contact, contact variety)
4, 10, 12, 25–26, 31, 36–37, 112, 117–120, 128, 133–136, 160, 235, 238, 245, 258, 319–320, 323–327, 329–331, 335, 342, 390, 395
- continuative
49, 84, 145, 157, 216–217, 224, 443, 455
- continuity condition
49, 51–53
- convergence
117–118, 135–136, 257, 377
- corpus data
32, 146, 150, 343, 447, 453
- counterfactual
7, 31–32, 295–296, 298–299, 301, 334, 346, 365, 368–371, 373, 376–377, 381, 383–384, 388–390, 392, 394, 397, 402–404, 407, 410, 412–414, 417–418
- current relevance
1, 3, 10–11, 21, 25–27, 60, 75, 83, 87, 89, 100–101, 106, 110–111, 138–139, 145, 167, 221, 237, 241, 243, 246, 249–250, 254, 430, 441–442, 453, 456, 463–464
- cycle
5, 20–23, 28, 97, 183, 193–194, 256
D
- desemanticization
439–440, 451–452
- diachrony
23, 26, 36, 133, 157, 163, 241, 258, 314, 444, 477
- discourse marking
34, 461, 475
- dialect. Also dialectal
12–13, 24, 26, 31, 30, 32–33, 66–67, 81, 88, 93, 96, 108, 121–122, 126, 132–135, 147–151, 153, 164, 182, 225, 228, 232, 241, 267, 295, 300, 302, 304–305, 311, 313, 319–320, 324–331, 333, 335, 337, 367–378, 380, 382, 384–393, 433, 439, 442, 444, 451–452, 463, 466
- double
8–9, 28, 39, 143, 215, 234, 261, 281–282, 285–286, 305, 310–311, 316, 378, 396, 405–406, 420, 429, 434, 436–437
- auxiliary-doubling
8, 30, 309
- have-doubling
32, 397
; See also Perfect: double perfect, perfect doubling
- duration-quantifying contexts & adverbials
24, 43, 50–51, 54–56, 60–61
- Dutch
29–30, 50–51, 54, 56, 120–121, 182, 261–268, 270–271, 273–274, 276, 279–282, 285–288, 291–293, 295, 297–299, 301–305, 313–315, 339, 367, 385–388, 414
E
- East Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian)
25, 87–88, 91, 95, 113–115
- ellipsis
4, 7–8, 35, 118, 209, 376, 395, 461, 465, 467, 469–470, 472, 475
; See also Auxiliary: subject-auxiliary ellipsis
- English
1, 5, 7, 9–11, 15, 20–24, 28, 30–40, 44, 48–51, 53–58, 60–61, 63, 65–66, 85, 94, 112, 118–119, 125–126, 130–131, 138–141, 147, 150–151, 155–156, 159–161, 181–182, 184–187, 189, 191, 195–205, 207–211, 214, 216, 219, 221, 226, 240–241, 249–250, 262, 266, 271, 279–280, 285, 289, 291–298, 301–310, 312–315, 317, 319–321, 323–342, 344, 355–357, 363, 368, 378, 385, 394–395, 397–402, 404–405, 407–419, 421, 424, 427, 430, 433–437, 440, 451–452, 455, 457, 459–463, 465–468, 470, 474–478
- Australian English
33–34, 39, 250, 457, 460–461, 463, 476–478
- Irish English
38, 151, 159
- Middle English
7, 249, 320–321, 324, 326, 328–332, 335–337, 399–401, 404–405, 411, 413, 424, 433
- Old English
31, 297–298, 319–321, 323–326, 328–329, 335–338, 341, 400, 412
- erosion
33, 439–440, 445–446, 451
- evaluative
27, 163, 172, 174–176, 473
- evidentiality
14–15, 25, 87, 89, 99–100, 106, 108–109, 111, 172, 305, 385–386
- indirect (indirective) evidential
25, 87, 89, 100, 106
- experiential
11–12, 25, 27, 33, 60, 65–66, 71, 74, 77–81, 83–84, 87, 89, 97, 100, 104–105, 141–142, 144, 146, 181–182, 191, 193–194, 201, 215–217, 246, 291, 293–294, 298, 302, 324, 356, 397, 429–431, 434, 443, 471, 477
- extended-now
307–308
; See also Present: extended present
F
- feature
8, 18, 26–27, 31–32, 61, 76, 79, 90, 117, 120, 122–123, 128, 134, 155–156, 166, 218, 220, 233, 245, 256, 281, 327, 343, 356–361, 367–368, 380, 400, 412, 418–419, 431, 433
- finiteness
25, 31, 36, 114, 117–118, 120–122, 126, 129, 132, 134–136, 161, 343, 355, 357, 359, 361, 363–364, 369, 376, 379, 394, 435, 476
- formalisation. Also formalization
146, 204, 248
- French
4, 7–9, 11–13, 23, 50–51, 53–54, 57, 182, 199, 203, 213–214, 219–220, 222, 231–235, 238, 241, 251, 254–255, 395, 397, 429, 434, 442, 453, 455, 469
- functional
13–14, 25, 31, 33, 87, 97, 99, 111, 117, 119–120, 122–125, 131, 134–135, 154, 160–161, 205, 213, 221, 232, 234, 242, 246, 256, 277, 317, 323, 337, 355, 361–363, 377, 393, 397, 444, 453
G
- generalization. Also generalisation
199, 277, 384–385, 387, 411, 440, 469
- overgeneralisation. Also over-generalisation
225, 320
- generative grammar
29, 261, 269–270, 275, 278, 283
- German
8–9, 11, 13, 23, 28, 30, 35, 39–40, 50–52, 54, 86, 151, 182, 185–186, 189, 196–197, 199–200, 203, 205, 210, 241, 249, 261, 267, 270, 273–274, 276, 279, 287, 289, 291–299, 301–315, 317, 325, 367, 385–388, 394, 396, 414, 429, 433–434
- Germanic
7–8, 15–16, 29–32, 36, 39, 156, 261, 263–264, 266–267, 276–277, 279, 284–289, 291–293, 295–298, 301, 304–306, 309, 313, 315, 317, 323, 341, 343–344, 363, 370, 372, 376, 384–385, 387, 389, 393–396, 414, 429, 436–437
- Gothic
263, 267, 284, 293, 301
- grammaticalization. Also grammaticalisation
3–4, 15, 23, 29–30, 33, 36–37, 39, 55, 81, 84–89, 93, 97, 106, 113–114, 147, 156, 160, 210–211, 214, 231, 238–239, 241–242, 244–248, 251, 255–258, 264–266, 288, 291, 293, 304, 308–309, 313–314, 317, 398–399, 435, 437, 439–441, 444–446, 461, 451–460, 474–475, 478
- primary grammaticalization
444, 455–456
- secondary grammaticalization
33, 439, 444, 454–456, 459
- Greek
2, 4, 6, 10–11, 13, 50–51, 54–56, 139, 198, 403, 416
H
- ha-omission
31, 343, 345, 347, 349–355, 357, 361, 384
- have-less
1, 31, 340, 365, 370, 376, 392, 394, 397, 399, 402, 404–405, 407, 409–410, 412, 415, 435
- have-omission
31–33, 341, 365–370, 374, 376, 379, 382–384, 388, 392, 397–398, 406, 411–412, 416–418, 423, 433
- Helsinki Corpus
319–320, 326, 328–331, 333–334, 337, 341
- hesternal
242–244, 250, 253–255
- hodiernal. Also same day of speaking
14, 20, 27–28, 33, 181–196, 203–204, 206–207, 211, 216, 231, 242–244, 246, 250, 253, 255, 441, 443–444, 449
- horror aequi
32, 397, 406, 411–412
I
- IamitiveSee also already
2, 24, 44, 48, 55, 60, 62, 65, 76, 82, 84, 121, 127, 132
- informal
31, 201, 345, 424
- infinitive
18–19, 26, 32, 62, 92–93, 112, 125, 135, 149–150, 152, 157, 187, 236, 265, 351, 365, 367–370, 372, 376, 379–381, 384, 387–390, 392–393, 398, 402–405, 407, 409–411, 413–415, 417, 421, 423, 427, 433, 436, 440, 446
; See also Irrealis: irrealis infinitive, Perfect: infinitival (infinitive) perfect
- intersubjectivity
461, 474
- Irrealis
32–33, 68, 94, 125, 176, 365, 367, 369, 380–381, 384, 388–390, 392, 397, 402, 404, 412, 423–424, 433
- irrealis infinitive
32, 365, 380–381, 384, 388–390, 392
- Italian
9, 12–13, 38, 51, 54, 150, 156, 182, 214, 232, 245, 280, 288–289, 442, 453
J
- Japanese
70, 154, 156, 158, 160
K
- Khwarshi
152–153, 156, 159
- Kirinda
121, 129–130, 135
- Kryz
88, 95, 97–98, 101, 103–104, 108, 110, 113
L
- language change
23, 29, 244, 257, 261, 288–289, 341, 399, 430, 476
- language contact
4, 12, 31, 36–37, 136, 245, 319–320, 324–325, 330–331, 335, 342, 390, 395
- Latvian
51, 54, 137, 147, 156, 158
- left-boundary (contexts, adverbials)
24, 43, 49, 56–58, 60–62, 201, 205
- lexical
30, 31, 33, 66, 118–120, 191, 230–231, 245–247, 256, 273, 286, 314, 327, 343, 350, 355, 427, 444, 446–447, 452
- lexical functional grammar (LFG)
31, 343, 355, 361–363
- lexical restriction
31, 102, 295, 345–346, 349, 355, 361
- lexical verb
5–7, 19, 25–26, 30, 67, 81, 90, 93–94, 96–97, 118, 120–123, 126, 129–134, 137, 147–150, 153–156, 205, 216, 269, 274–275, 291–292, 295, 311, 348, 356, 358, 468
- Lezgian
88, 91, 95–99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110–111, 113
- Lezgic
5, 25, 87–94, 96–97, 99–102, 104–106, 108–111, 113–114
- linguistic area
117, 119, 126–128, 135
- Lithuanian
26, 51, 54, 137–138, 140–150, 155–161
M
- Mainland Scandinavian
1, 7, 221, 325, 365, 381
- modal pluperfect
397, 412–413, 415–416, 421–424, 427, 433
- morphology
3–4, 12, 29, 31, 38, 40, 113–114, 119–120, 122, 125, 134, 137, 163–164, 168, 174, 198, 216, 249, 254, 257, 287, 292, 305–306, 341, 343, 356, 358, 361–364, 371, 387, 393, 395, 434–435, 476
- morphological rule
262, 275, 280–282
- mutative intransitive
29, 261–262, 266–270, 275, 278, 282–283, 319–320, 324, 326–327, 329, 333–334, 337
- mutative verb
328–331, 333–334
N
- Nakh-Daghestanian languages
113–114, 152
- negation
26, 32, 34, 70, 84–85, 97, 112, 117, 119, 123, 125, 129–130, 133–135, 137–140, 142–161, 176, 236, 376–377, 422, 426
- constituent negation
26, 129, 135, 146
- genitive of negation
26, 146, 158
- sentential negation
26, 146, 151–152, 155, 161
- Norsification Package
319, 326–328, 332, 337
- Northern Swedish
151–152, 156
- Norwegian
1, 7–8, 11, 15, 20–21, 23, 30–32, 36, 38, 51, 194, 196–197, 199, 208, 292, 295, 301, 305, 309, 313, 323–325, 340, 344, 363–371, 373–376, 378–382, 384–390, 392–396, 401, 412, 435–436
; See also Nynorsk
- Nynorsk
365–366, 369, 374, 379, 382, 389–390
O
- organization. Also organisation
93, 119, 122, 169
- Occitan
14, 182, 184, 187, 189, 208–209, 250
- Old Norse
7, 31–32, 36, 297, 302, 319–320, 323, 325, 327, 329, 337, 340, 365, 369–373, 378–380, 384, 388, 392–394, 412
P
- paradigm
2, 9–10, 70, 77, 89–90, 92–94, 169, 343, 356, 361, 379, 442–443, 450, 465
- participle
1, 6–7, 9, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 29, 34, 36, 62, 93, 95, 97–99, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 117–118, 122–123, 125–133, 135, 137, 140, 142–143, 147, 150–152, 157, 169, 172, 186, 236, 251, 255, 261–267, 270–271, 277–278, 281, 283–287, 291, 293–297, 301, 304, 314, 316, 320–321, 338, 341, 343, 355–356, 365, 367–368, 370, 373, 379, 381, 384, 388, 394–395, 398, 400–401, 404, 411–412, 415–416, 419, 421–424, 430–431, 433, 435–436, 441, 443, 446–448, 456, 459, 462–463, 465–468, 470–472, 474–475
- adjectival participle
262, 264, 266, 277–278
- conjunctive participle
117–118, 123, 126, 128
- non-standard participle
465–466, 471
- past participle
1, 6–7, 9, 16, 18, 21–22, 29, 62, 137, 140, 151, 169, 172, 251, 255, 261, 263, 265, 270–271, 277–278, 281, 283, 286, 304, 316, 321, 341, 355–356, 365, 367–368, 373, 379, 381, 384, 395, 398, 400–401, 404, 411–412, 415, 419, 421–424, 430–431, 433, 436, 441, 459, 462–463, 465, 468
- perfective participle
95, 97–98, 105, 320
- subjunctive participle
36, 367, 381, 388, 394
- verbal participle
261, 277
- passé composé
13, 213, 231–234, 237, 239, 251, 255, 453, 455
- passé simple
213, 232–234, 237, 239, 255, 469
- past
1, 3–4, 6–9, 11–23, 25, 27–30, 33, 37–39, 44, 48–49, 51–52, 56, 60, 62, 65, 67–68, 71–72, 77–80, 83–84, 86–87, 89–90, 92–94, 97, 99–101, 103–104, 106–107, 109–112, 115, 118, 121, 123, 125–126, 128, 133, 135, 137–138, 140, 142, 144, 147–148, 150–152, 156–157, 164–165, 167, 169, 172, 175, 181, 183–189, 191, 193–195, 201–202, 205–207, 209, 211, 213–216, 218, 220, 223–226, 228, 232–236, 238–239, 241–242, 246–248, 250–255, 257–258, 261–263, 265, 270–271, 275, 277–278, 280–286, 291–293, 295–296, 298–299, 301–314, 316, 320–321, 323–325, 335, 338, 341, 346, 349, 355–357, 365, 367–368, 370, 373, 376–377, 379–381, 383–384, 388, 393, 395, 398, 400–401, 404, 407, 411–412, 414–415, 419, 421–424, 426, 430–431, 433–434, 436, 439–445, 449, 452–453, 455–466, 468, 473–477
- discontinuous past
65, 77–80, 83–84, 86, 93, 115
- framepast. Also frame-past
66, 79
- non-resultative past
79, 83–84
- Spanish periphrastic past
33, 439, 459
- unwitnessed past
89, 92, 97, 103, 107, 109–110
- past counterfactual
295–296, 298–299, 301
- past for future100See also Participle: past participle
- Perfect. Sub entries only
- double perfect
8–9, 261, 281–282, 286, 429
- infinitival (infinitive) perfect
7, 18, 21–23, 365, 417, 427
- perfect doubling
30, 291, 305–306, 309, 311–313
- perfect meaning
27, 89, 109–111, 117, 128, 129, 241, 263, 461, 466
- perfect in Romance languages
28, 213
- perfect time span (PTS)
39, 49, 59, 181, 184, 203–207, 210, 223–224, 227–229, 317
- periphrastic perfect
4, 6–7, 12, 29–31, 36, 96–97, 117–120, 122, 125–130, 137, 152, 208, 238, 241, 261–268, 274–275, 278–280, 282–285, 315, 319–320, 357, 363
- present perfect puzzle
20, 38, 181, 184, 196–197, 203, 206, 209–210, 238–239, 307, 316–317
- synthetic perfect
6, 97–98
- U-perfect49See also Continuative: continuative perfect; Perfect: perfect auxiliary
- Perfective
3–5, 11–12, 25, 28–29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 61, 68, 72, 76–77, 87, 89–100, 103–105, 107, 109, 111–112, 118, 121–122, 126–128, 130, 133, 135, 156–157, 160, 164–165, 167, 172, 176, 183, 185–187, 189, 211, 214–215, 239, 241–242, 246–248, 250, 252–253, 255, 319–322, 324, 327–331, 333–334, 342, 344, 355–357, 361, 366, 369, 373, 440, 442, 444, 453, 455, 460, 464, 476
- perfective converb
92–93, 95–98, 103–104, 107, 109, 111
; See also Participle: perfective participle
- perfeito composto
222–224, 226, 239–240
- periphrasis
31, 92, 111, 214, 222–223, 226, 241, 316, 343, 362–363, 422, 427, 429
; See also Perfect: periphrastic perfect
- phonetic reduction
33, 251, 255, 439–440, 446, 455–456
- pluperfect
2, 55, 66, 77–79, 83, 121, 126, 132, 218, 323, 373–374, 376–377, 397, 402, 412–413, 415–417, 421–424, 427, 433, 473
- Polish dialects in Lithuania148
- Portuguese
25, 29, 51, 117–121, 123–124, 132–136, 183, 213–214, 218–227, 235, 237, 258, 322, 442
- Sri Lankan Portuguese (SLP)
25, 117, 119, 121, 123–124, 132–133, 135
- pragmatics
26, 35, 63, 115, 120, 128, 144, 159, 161, 208, 210, 238, 258, 317, 436, 477
- präteritumschwund
34, 304, 310, 317
- prehodiernal
186, 207, 209, 216, 230–231, 237–238
- prescription
407, 424
- prescriptive
32, 397, 410
- prescriptivism
32, 397, 411
- present tense
16–18, 27–28, 31, 34, 50–51, 53, 55, 58, 68, 94, 99, 105, 111, 140–141, 148, 157, 181, 184, 187, 196–207, 219, 221, 263, 306, 314, 345–346, 349–350
- extended presentSee also extended now
183, 220, 223, 229
- present progressive
219, 221
- present subjunctive
370–371, 393
- preterit
2, 8, 18, 20–22, 32–33, 39, 97, 208, 239, 255, 257–258, 334, 365, 370–375, 377–384, 388–389, 392–393, 443–445, 452–453, 459
- preterit subjunctive
32, 370–375, 378, 384, 388, 392–393
- pretérito perfecto simple
29, 210, 213, 227, 229, 236, 241–242, 257
- progressive
16, 25, 53–54, 68–70, 72, 81, 83–84, 121, 130, 135, 154, 163–165, 169, 171, 174–176, 198–200, 202–203, 219, 221–222, 229
- progressive morphology198See also Present tense: present progressive
R
- realis
401, 412, 428, 434
- resultative
2–4, 6, 10–12, 14–15, 25, 33, 65–66, 69–73, 79, 81, 83–84, 86–87, 89, 94, 97, 100, 102–104, 106–112, 115, 137, 140–142, 146, 150–156, 159–160, 165, 181, 189, 191, 214–216, 223, 225–228, 230–231, 241, 246–247, 280, 283–286, 291–296, 298, 301–304, 317, 321, 323, 397, 414, 429–430, 434, 441–444, 477
- resultant state
27, 69–70, 78, 141–142, 144, 165, 167, 169, 174, 176, 292, 294, 414
- rhetorical relations
464, 473
- Romance Languages
9, 14, 28, 32, 34–35, 39, 181, 184, 189, 192, 196, 211, 213, 216–218, 220–222, 225–226, 229, 234, 239, 248, 389, 395, 397, 441, 459–460
- Rutul
88, 91, 96, 98, 100–101, 103, 105, 110–111, 113–114
S
- scope
26, 34, 74, 120, 137–138, 144, 152–155, 159–160, 218, 224, 233, 255–256, 281, 283–284, 301, 321, 323–324, 361, 385, 461–462, 465, 470–475
- S-curve
319, 326, 335–337
- semantic change
258, 262, 440, 445, 461–463, 474–476, 478
- semantic map
100, 109–111
- semantics
1, 10, 13, 16, 19, 23, 25, 32, 37–38, 43–44, 53, 59, 63, 67, 74–76, 78, 80–81, 83, 85, 99–100, 111, 113–114, 122, 125, 140, 142, 144, 159–161, 173, 181, 184, 196, 199, 205, 207–210, 217, 238, 288, 292–293, 298, 306–308, 314–315, 363, 393, 395, 398, 404, 436, 476–477
- simultaneity
28–29, 126, 135, 169, 189, 207, 213, 217–218, 221–224, 226–235, 237
- Sino-Tibetan languages155
- Slavic languages
54, 147, 156
- source determination
241, 246–247
- Southern Estonian (Võru)149
- Spanish
5, 9, 14, 27–29, 33, 35–37, 51, 139, 149, 152, 156, 163, 165, 172–173, 182–185, 187–190, 193, 200, 203, 208–210, 213–214, 216–217, 219–222, 224–231, 233–239, 241–242, 244–246, 249, 254, 256–258, 309, 317, 386–387, 395, 435, 439–445, 447, 449–450, 452, 454–460
- American Spanish
213–214, 222, 225, 228, 230, 235
- Argentinian
241, 245, 254, 258
- European Spanish
14, 213, 217, 221–222, 228–231, 236–237
- Peninsular Spanish
33, 139, 182–185, 188–189, 210, 239, 242, 258, 439–445, 449, 452
- Rioplatense
29, 182, 208, 241–245, 249–256, 258, 460
- Standard Peninsular Spanish
182–183, 185, 189
- Sri Lankan Malay
25, 117–119, 121–124, 127, 129–131, 134–136, 153–154, 156
- Standard Average European (SAE)156
- standard
4, 32, 70, 88, 150–151, 181, 249, 264, 272–273, 281, 284, 320–321, 325, 335, 366, 374, 377, 380–381, 385, 390–392, 405–406, 424, 430, 447, 449, 465–466, 471, 474–475
- non-standard
32, 34, 366, 369–370, 382, 387–388, 397–400, 413, 419, 427, 461–468, 470–472, 474–475
- standardization. Also standardisation
45, 62, 214, 164, 333, 335
- strong verbs
263, 379, 465
- supercompound
397–398, 412, 423–424, 427, 430–432, 434
- supine
31–32, 294, 314, 343, 347–352, 354–358, 361, 365–370, 372–384, 387–393, 395–396, 420, 436–437
- supine attraction
367–369
- Swedish
8, 10, 20, 28, 30–31, 38–39, 50–51, 56, 61, 151–152, 156, 160, 194, 196–197, 199–200, 209–210, 255, 279, 289, 292–299, 301–303, 305, 309, 313, 316–317, 323, 325, 337, 341, 343–345, 348, 355–359, 361–364, 367, 369–370, 373, 382–384, 387–389, 394–396, 420, 436–437
T
- Tabasaran
88, 95–96, 98, 101, 103, 105, 110–111, 113–115
- target state
74, 140, 142, 292, 294
- tense
2, 6, 11, 13–18, 20, 22, 25–31, 34–40, 46, 50–51, 53, 55, 57–58, 63, 67–68, 78, 84, 86–94, 96–97, 99, 101, 105–107, 109–111, 113–114, 118, 120–129, 132–135, 138, 140–141, 148, 156–161, 176–177, 181, 184–189, 193, 195–211, 213–215, 219–223, 229, 234, 237–239, 241, 245–247, 250, 253, 257–258, 261–268, 273–275, 278–280, 282–283, 285, 288–289, 293, 295–297, 304, 306, 308–311, 313–317, 321, 335, 341, 345–346, 349–350, 356, 358–359, 361–363, 369–370, 379–380, 384–385, 393–394, 396–397, 402–403, 417, 419, 421, 434–437, 458, 460–461, 463–466, 468–469, 475–478
- narrative tense
101, 106, 110, 461, 463–464
- tense-copying
397, 402–403, 419, 421
- The Nordic Dialect Corpus
300, 305, 316–317, 367, 390–391, 395
- The Nordic Dialect Database
390, 395
- time
- event time
16–17, 28, 174–175, 181, 184–186, 190–192, 196–197, 200–205, 207, 314, 463–464
- speech time. Also time (moment/point/act) of speech
12, 14–16, 27, 44, 52–54, 74, 78, 80, 101, 104, 111, 165, 169, 174–175, 185, 215, 219, 246, 294, 306–308, 429, 430, 463
- topic time
186, 215, 306–308, 314
; See also adverbials, perfect time span
- Tsakhur
88–89, 91–92, 95, 97–99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 153, 160
- typology
23, 25, 41, 65, 79, 88, 137, 156, 427, 455
U
- Udi
88–89, 91, 93–95, 97–98, 100–104, 108–111, 114
- unaccusative
5, 30, 268, 270–276, 278–280, 282, 289, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 317, 325, 341
- universal
3–4, 11, 23–24, 26, 32, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 53, 57, 60–62, 114, 128, 136, 141, 144, 155, 181, 200–203, 209–210, 216–217, 247, 291, 298, 307, 356, 397, 406
- universally quantifying (contexts, adverbials)
24, 43, 50, 57–58, 60–61
V
- verb movement
122–123, 134
W
- Welsh
10, 149, 152, 156, 158
- West Germanic languages
29, 261, 315
Z
- Zapotec
26–27, 163–169, 171–172, 174–177