On the development of discourse markers from elliptical
structures
Seongha Rhee | Faculty of Liberal Arts, Mahidol University | Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Korean has a group of DMs that developed from
sentential fragments through ellipsis (EDMs), i.e., those that were
morpho-syntactically incapable of standing alone. They carry diverse
functions across discourse domains. In particular, they tend to mark
the speaker’s affect, and this development is largely due to their
lexical and structural characteristics. A diachronic analysis shows
that their development is closely tied to semantic generalization,
scope extension, and movement to non-licensed positions. The
functions of EDMs are often correlated with their characteristic
prosody rather than with their forms. All EDMs involve either
deictic expressions or interrogatives which are related to
indexicality and vagueness that play a significant role in the
development of EDM functions.
Aijmer, Karin, Foolen, Ad & Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie
2006Pragmatic
markers in translation: A methodological
proposal. In Approaches
to Discourse Particles, Kerstin Fischer (ed.), 101–114. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Barth-Weingarten, Dagmar & Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth
(eds)2014Discourse
Functions at the Left and Right Periphery: Crosslinguistic
Investigations of Language Use and Language
Change. Leiden: Brill.
Bolinger, Dwight
1989Intonation
and its Uses: Melody in Grammar and
Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
Brinton, Laurel J.
1996Pragmatic
Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse
Functions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Brinton, Laurel J.
2017The
Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of
Change. Cambridge: CUP.
Dehé, Nicole & Kavalova, Yordanka
2006The
syntax, pragmatics, and prosody of parenthetical
what. English
Language and
Linguistics 10(2): 289–320.
Evans, Nicholas
2007Insubordination
and its uses. In Finiteness:
Theoretical and Empirical
Foundations, Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), 366–431. Oxford: OUP.
Evans, Nicholas
2009Insubordination
and the grammaticalization of interactive
presuppositions. Paper
presented at Methodologies in Determining Morphosyntactic
Change Conference, Museum of
Ethnography, Osaka, March.
Evans, Nicholas & Watanabe, Honoré
(eds)2016Insubordination [Typological
Studies in Language
115]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fischer, Kerstin
2006Toward
an understanding of the spectrum of approaches to discourse
particles: Introduction to the
volume. In Approaches
to Discourse Particles, Kerstin Fischer (ed.), 1–20. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Fraser, Bruce
1999What
are discourse
markers?Journal of
Pragmatics 31: 931–952.
Furkó, Bálint Péter
2014Cooptation
over
grammaticalization. Argumentum 10: 289–300.
2015Left
vs. right periphery in grammaticalization: The case of
anyway. In New
Directions in Grammaticalization
Research [Studies in Language
Companion Series 166], Andrew D. M. Smith, Graeme Trousdale, & Richard Waltereit (eds), 157–186. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Haselow, Alexander
2017Spontaneous
Spoken English: An Integrated Approach to the Emergent
Grammar of
Speech. Cambridge: CUP.
Haspelmath, Martin
2011The
gradual coalescence into ‘words’ in
grammaticalization. In The
Oxford Handbook of
Grammaticalization, Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds), 342–355.Oxford: OUP.
Heine, Bernd
2013On
discourse markers: Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization,
or something
else?Linguistics 51(6): 1205–1247.
Heine, Bernd
2018Are
there two different ways of approaching
grammaticalization? In New
Trends on Grammaticalization and Language
Change [Studies in Language
Companion Series 202], Sylvie Hancil, Tine Breban & José Vicente Lozano (eds), 23–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2021The
Rise of Discourse
Markers. Cambridge: CUP.
Jeon, Yeong-Ok
2002A
study on discourse markers in
Korean. Journal of Speech
Communication 4: 113–145.
Jucker, Andreas H.
2002Discourse
markers in Early Modern
English. In Alternative
Histories of English, Richard Watts & Peter Trudgill (eds), 210–230. London: Routledge.
Jung, Yonhee
2001Grammaticalization
of Korean Clause
Connectives. PhD
dissertation, Hankuk
University of Foreign
Studies, Seoul.
Kim, In-gyu
2012A
Study on Usages of Korean Reference Items: Focused on the
Data of Oral Conversation in Gyeongbuk
Dialect. MA
thesis, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu, Korea.
Kim, Mary Shin, Rhee, Seongha & Smith, Hye Young
2021The
Korean discourse particle kulssey across
discreet positions and contexts in
talk-in-interaction. Journal
of
Pragmatics 182: 16–41.
Kim, Myung-Hee
2005The
development of Korean interrogatives as discourse
markers. Discourse and
Cognition 12(2): 41–63.
Kim, Myung-Hee
2006Discourse
functions of interrogative mwusun in
Korean. Discourse and
Cognition 13(2): 21–42.
Kim, Myung-Hee & Lee, Jeonghwa
2007The
role of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in the
grammaticalization of icey in
Korean. Discourse and
Cognition 14(2): 27–49.
Kim, Sunyoung
2016Discourse
marker functions of museun in spoken
discourse. The Language and
Culture 12(3): 83–98.
Kim, Tae Yeop
2001Kwuke Congkyelemiuy
Mwunpep (Grammar
of Korean sentence-final
markers). Seoul: Kwukhakcalyowen.
Kim, Young-Ran
2003Lexical
Information and Teaching Methods of Korean Interrogatives
for Korean Language
Education. PhD
dissertation, Sangmyung
University, Seoul.
Kim, Xianghua
2002A
Study of Discourse Markers in
Korean. PhD
dissertation, Keimyung
University, Daegu, Korea.
Ko, Yong-Kun
1991Phyocwun Cwungseykwuke
Mwunpeplon (Middle Korean
grammar). Seoul: Tower Press.
Koo, Hyun Jung
2005Conditional
markers in speech context: From conditional to
politeness. Discourse and
Cognition 12(2): 1–22.
Koo, Hyun Jung
2012On
grammaticalization of ‑kinun construction
in Korean. Discourse and
Cognition 19(3): 1–28.
Koo, Hyun Jung
2018Hankwuke tamhwaphyoci yenkwuuy tonghyangkwa
cenmang (Research tends and prospect of Korean discourse
markers). In Hankwuke Yenkwuuy Saylowun
Hulum (New
research trends of
Korean), Yong-Kwon Shin, (ed.), 221–255. Seoul: Pagijong Press.
Koo, Hyun Jung & Rhee, Seongha
2001Grammaticalization
of sentential end marker from a conditional
marker. Discourse and
Cognition 8(1): 1–19.
Koo, Hyun Jung & Rhee, Seongha
2018On
the emergence of polyfunctionality of discourse markers: The
case of kulay ‘it is so’ in
Korean. Paper presented at
the 36th International Conference of the Spanish Society for
Applied Linguistics
(AESLA-2018), Universidad de
Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain, 19–21
April.
Lee, Heejoo & Sohn, Sung-Ock S.
Forthcoming. From
interrogative to disaffiliative stance marker: An analysis
of mwusun ‘what’ in Korean
conversation. University of California, Los Angeles.
Lee, Hye Seung
2020Korean
interrogative mwusun ‘what kind of’ as a
discourse
marker. Japanese/Korean
Linguistics 26: 323–333.
Lee, Hyo Sang
1991Tense,
Aspect, and Modality: A Discourse-pragmatic Analysis of
Verbal Affixes in Korean from a Typological
Perspective. PhD
dissertation, University of
California, Los Angeles.
Lee, Hyo Sang
2015Modality. In The
Handbook of Korean
Linguistics, Lucien Brown & Jaehoon Yeon (eds), 249–268. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Lee, Kigap
2010Dialectal
variation of Korean discourse markers, geunyang,
geujeo, and
geuman. Journal
of Korean
Dialectology 11: 5–35.
Lee, Kwang-Ho
1994Cwungseykwuke
Mwunpeplon (Middle Korean
grammar). Seoul: Hakyeonsa.
Lee, Kwang-Ho
2009Meaning
property and form change of ‘musu’ and
‘musuk/musum/musus.’Korean
Language and
Literature 151: 35–57.
Lehmann, Christian
2015[1982]Thoughts
on Grammaticalization, 3rd
edn. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Levinson, Stephen C.
2006Deixis. In The
Handbook of Pragmatics, Laurence R. Horn & Gregory L. Ward (eds), 87–120. London: Blackwell.
Maschler, Yael
1994Metalanguaging
and discourse markers in bilingual
conversation. Language in
Society 23: 325–366.
2006Grammaticalization
of ‘I, geu, jeo’. The
Language and
Culture 2(1): 65–93.
Park, Mee-Jeong & Sohn, Sung-Ock S.
2002Discourse,
grammaticalization, and intonation: An analysis of
‑ketun in
Korean. Japanese/Korean
Linguistics 10: 306–319.
Park, Sang-Sook
2020Discourse
Functions and Prosody in the Expression of
Interrogative. PhD
dissertation, The Catholic
University of
Korea, Seoul.
Rhee, Seongha
2012Context-induced
reinterpretation and (inter)subjectification: The case of
grammaticalization of sentence-final
particles. Language
Sciences 34: 284–300.
Rhee, Seongha
2015On
the emergence of Korean markers of
agreement. Journal of
Pragmatics 83: 10–26.
Rhee, Seongha
2018Grammaticalization
of the plural marker in Korean: From object to text to
stance. Journal of Language
Sciences 25(4): 221–249.
Rhee, Seongha
2020aThe
power of the unspoken: Ellipsis and grammaticalization in
Korean and beyond. Studies in
Linguistics 56: 1–36.
Rhee, Seongha
2020bOn
determinants of discourse marker functions:
Grammaticalization and discourse-analytic
perspectives. Linguistic
Research 37(2): 289–325.
Rhee, Seongha & Koo, Hyun Jung
2017Audience-blind
sentence-enders in Korean: A discourse-pragmatic
perspective. Journal of
Pragmatics 120: 101–121.
Rhee, Seongha & Koo, Hyun Jung
2020From
quotation to surprise: The case in
Korean. Journal of
Pragmatics 155: 83–100.
2014The
interplay of discourse and prosody at the left and right
periphery in Korean: An analysis of
kuntey‘but’. In Discourse
Functions at the Left and Right Periphery: Crosslinguistic
Investigations of Language Use and Language
Change, Kate Beeching & Ulrich Detges (eds), 221–249. Leiden: Brill.
Song, Inseong
2013Functions
and prosodic features of discourse marker
mweo. Korean
Linguistics 58: 83–106.
Song, Inseong
2014Prosodic
features and discourse functions of discourse marker
mak. Korean
Linguistics 65: 211–236.
Song, Inseong
2015Functions
and Prosodic Features of Korean Discourse
Markers. PhD
disseration, Korea
University, Seoul.
Song, Inseong & Shin, Jiyoung
2014The
realization of functions and morphological, prosodic
features of discourse marker
jom. Korean
Linguistics 62: 315–339.
Tabor, Whitney & Traugott, Elizabeth C.
1998Structural
scope expansion and
grammaticalization. In The
Limits of
Grammaticalization [Typological
Studies in Language 37], Anna Giacalone Ramat & Paul J. Hopper (eds), 229–272. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs
2014Intersubjectification
and clause
periphery. In Intersubjectivity
and Intersubjectification in Grammar and
Discourse [Benjamins Current Topics
65], Lieslotte Brems, Lobke Ghesquière & Freek Van de Velde (eds), 7–27. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Waltereit, Richard
2002Imperatives,
interruption in conversation and the rise of discourse
markers: A study of Italian
guarda. Linguistics 40: 987–1010.
Wilson, Deirdre
2011The
conceptual-procedural distinction: Past, present and
future. In Procedural
Meaning: Problems and
Perspectives, Victoria Escandell-Vidal, Manuel Leonetti & Aoife Ahern (eds), 3–31. Bingley: Emerald.
Zwickey, Arnold M.
1985Clitics
and
particles. Language 61(2): 283–305.