This study examines the activity of requesting help in
emergency calls, using 911 Costa Rica as a case study. Focusing on the
notions of contingency-entitlement, benefactors and beneficiaries, and the
urgency of the incident, the findings show that the design of the request
for non-life-threatening incidents can encode the caller’s low entitlement
to the request via the phrase para ver si ‘to see if.’ When
using this phrase in conjunction with other linguistic forms (such as modal
periphrasis), the caller’s entitlement to the request is further downgraded.
Regardless of the type of incident and the linguistic forms used in the
request for help, call-takers’ next relevant action is asking the location
of the incident or verifying the caller’s information.
Alba de Diego, Vidal. 1994. “La cortesía en las
peticiones [Politeness in
requests].” In Actas
del IV Congreso Internacional ASELE, ed.
by Jesús Sánchez-Lobato, and Isabel Santos-Gallardo, 413–425. Madrid: Centro Virtual Cervantes.
Alba de Diego, Vidal. 1995. “La cortesía en la petición de
permiso [Politeness in requests for
permission].” DICENDA 3: 13–24.
Bolaños-Carpio, Alexa. 2017. “Interactions
in Calls to the 9-1-1 Emergency System in Costa
Rica.” Doctoral
dissertation, Rutgers University.
Clayman, Steven E., and John Heritage. 2014. “Benefactor
and
Beneficiaries.” In Requesting
in Social Interaction, ed.
by Paul Drew, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, 55–86. Amsterdam: Benjamins Publishing Company.
Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath, and Balthasar Bickel. 2015. “Leipzig
Glossing
Rules.” Leipizg: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Linguistics. [URL]
Craven, Alexandra, and Jonathan Potter. 2010. “Directives:
Entitlement and Contingency in
Action.” Discourse
Studies 12 (4): 419–42.
Curl, Traci S., and Paul Drew. 2008. “Contingency
and Action: A Comparison of Two Forms of
Requesting.” Research on Language and
Social
Interaction 41 (2): 129–53.
Deppermann, Arnulf. 2018. “Instruction
Practices in German Driving Lessons: Differential Uses of
Declaratives and
Imperatives.” International Journal
of Applied
Linguistics 28 (2): 265–282.
Drew, Paul, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen. 2014a. “Requesting
-from Speech Act to
Recruitment.” In Requesting
in Social Interaction, ed.
by Paul Drew, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, 1–34. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Drew, Paul, and John Heritage. 1992. “Talk
at work: An
introduction.” In Talk
at Work: Interaction in Institutional
Settings, ed. by Paul Drew, and John Heritage, 3–65. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Drew, Paul, and Traci Walker. 2010. “Citizen’s
Emergency Calls to Police: Requesting Assistance in Calls to the
Police.” In Handbook
of Forensic Linguistic, ed.
by Malcom Coulthard, and Alison Johnson, 95–110. Abingdon: Routledge.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. César. 2005. “Indirectness
and Politeness in Mexican
Requests.” In Selected
Proceedings of the 7th Hispanic Linguistics
Symposium, ed. by David Eddington, 66–78. Somerville: Cascadilla.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. César. 2010. “Intra-lingual
Pragmatic Variation in Mexico City and San José, Costa Rica: A Focus
on Regional Differences in Female
Requests.” Journal of
Pragmatics 42: 2992–3011.
García, Angela Cora. 2017. “What
Went Right: Interactional Strategies for Managing Crisis
Negotiations during an Emergency Service
Call.” The Sociological
Quarterly 58 (3): 495–518.
Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms
of Talk. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Goodwin, Charles. 1996. “Transparent
vision.” In Interaction
and Grammar, ed.
by Emanuel A. Schegloff, Elinor Ochs, and Sandra A. Thompson, 370–404. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heinemann, Trine. 2006. “‘Will
you or can’t you?’: Displaying Entitlement in Interrogative
Requests.” Journal of
Pragmatics 38: 1081–1104.
Hepburn, Alexa, and Galina B. Bolden. 2013. “The
Conversation Analytic Approach to
Transcription.” In The
Handbook of Conversation Analysis, ed.
by Jack Sidnell, and Tanya Stivers, 57–76. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Heritage, John, and Steven E. Clayman. 2010. Talk
in Action: Interactions, Identities and
Institutions. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kendrick, Kobin H., and Paul Drew. 2016. “Recruitment:
Offers, Requests, and the Organization of Assistance in
Interaction.” Research on Language
and Social
Interaction 49 (1): 1–19.
Larsen, Tine. 2013. “Dispatching
Emergency Assistance: Callers’ Claims of Entitlement and Call
Takers’ Decisions.” Research on
Language and Social
Interaction 46 (3): 205–28.
Okada, Misao. 2018. “Imperative
Actions in Boxing Sparring
Sessions.” Research on Language and
Social
Interaction 51 (1): 67–84.
Raymond, Chase Wesley. 2014. “Negotiating
Entitlement to Language: Calling 911 without
English.” Language in
Society 43 (1): 33–59.
Raymond, Chase Wesley. 2015. “Questions
and Responses in Spanish Monolingual and Spanish-English Bilingual
Conversation.” Language &
Communication 42: 50–68.
Real Academia
Española. 2009. Nueva gramática de la lengua
española [New grammar of
the Spanish
language] (Vol. I
y
II). Madrid: Espasa Libros, S.L.U.
Real Academia
Española. 2010. “Ocupar.” Diccionario
de americanismos. [URL] (accessed June 25,
2018).
Reyes, Fabiola. 2008. “Grados de cortesía y peticiones en el aula de
clases [Politeness
levels and requests in the
classrooms].” Entre
lenguas 13: 57–70.
Riou, Marine, Stephen Ball, Kay L. O’Halloran, Austin Whiteside, Teresa A. Williams, and Judith Finn. 2018. “Hijacking
the Dispatch Protocol: When Callers Pre-empt their
Reason-for-the-Call in Emergency Calls about Cardiac
Arrest.” Discourse
Studies 20 (5): 666–687.
Robinson, Jeffrey D.2004. “The
Sequential Organization of “Explicit” Apologies in Naturally
Occurring English.” Research on
Language and Social
Interaction 37 (3): 291–330.
Rossi, Giovanni. 2012. “Bilateral
and Unilateral Requests: The Use of Imperatives and Mi X?
Interrogatives in Italian.” Discourse
Processes 49: 426–458.
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. 1974. “A
Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for
Conversation.” Language 50: 696–735.
Schegloff, Emanuel A.2007. Sequence
Organization in Interaction. A Primer in Conversation
Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sidnell, Jack, and Tanya Stivers (eds.). 2013. The
Handbook of Conversation
Analysis. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Solé-Planas, María Rosa, and Olga Soler-Vilageliu. 2005. “Las
peticiones directas e indirectas en el habla
infantil.” Infancia y
Aprendizaje 28 (2): 159–178.
Whalen, Marilyn R., and Don H. Zimmerman. 1987. “Sequential
and Institutional Contexts in Calls for
Help.” Social Psychology
Quarterly 50 (2): 172–85.
Zimmerman, Don H.1984. “Talk
and Its Occasions: The Case of Calling the
Police.” In Meaning,
Form, and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications. Georgetown
University Roundtable on Language and
Linguistics, ed.
by Deborah Schiffrin, 210–28. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
Zimmerman, Don H.1992a. “The
Interactional Organization of Calls for Emergency
Assistance.” In Talk
at Work: Social Interaction in Institutional
Settings, ed. by Paul Drew, and John Heritage, 418–69. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zimmerman, Don H.1992b. “Achieving
Context: Openings in Emergency
Calls.” In Text
in Context. Contributions to
Ethnomethodology, ed.
by Graham Watson and Robert M. Seiler, 35–51. Newbury Park: Sage.
Zinken, Jörg, and Eva Ogiermann. 2013. “Responsibility
and Action: Invariants and Diversity in Requests for Objects in
British English and Polish
Interaction.” Research on Language
and Social
Interaction 46 (3): 256–276.
Zinken, Jörg, and Giovanni Rossi. 2016. “Assistance
and Other Forms of Cooperative
Engagement.” Research on Language and
Social
Interaction 49 (1): 20–26.
Cited by (7)
Cited by seven other publications
Atkins, Sarah, Emma Richardson, Joanne Traynor & Felicity Deamer
2024. Communicating and categorising ‘kidnap’ incidents in UK police emergency calls: a conversation analytic study. Policing and Society► pp. 1 ff.
Giraudier, Emma, Marine Riou, F. Neveu, S. Prévost, A. Montébran, A. Steuckardt, G. Bergounioux, G. Merminod & G. Philippe
2024. « Petit malaise » ou « très gros souci » ? Atténuation et intensification dans les descriptions profanes d’urgences vitales au téléphone. SHS Web of Conferences 191 ► pp. 01023 ff.
Riou, Marine
2024. Communication in Prehospital and Emergency Care: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review of Conversation-Analytic Research. Research on Language and Social Interaction 57:1 ► pp. 55 ff.
Fele, Giolo
2023. When a Call Is Not an Emergency. In Emergency Communication, ► pp. 79 ff.
Riou, Marine, Karim Tazarourte, Delphine Hugenschmitt, Christian Di Filippo & Pierre-Yves Gueugniaud
2023. Faire faire les gestes qui sauvent : requêtes des régulateurs pour guider les appelants dans des appels d’urgence médicale en France. Langage et société N° 179:2 ► pp. 35 ff.
Stokoe, Elizabeth & Emma Richardson
2023. Asking for help without asking for help: How victims request and police offer assistance in cases of domestic violence when perpetrators are potentially co-present. Discourse Studies 25:3 ► pp. 383 ff.
Penverne, Y., H. Delelis-Fanien, L. Robert, F. Berthier, J. Jenvrin & E. Montassier
2021. Le numéro commun santé : enjeux et impacts. Annales françaises de médecine d’urgence 11:5 ► pp. 303 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.