Index
A
- act of identity
23–24, 127, 158, 201
;
see also identity
- address forms
see terms of address
- address pronouns
see pronominal address
- age
15–16, 26–27, 30, 32, 41, 43–44, 51, 54–58, 66, 70, 84–85, 93, 96, 99–100, 105–106, 115, 118–121, 123, 129–130, 133–136, 138, 141–143, 145–150, 156–161, 166–167, 173, 175–176, 195–197, 198–199, 205
- age-grading
84, 100, 136, 145, 147, 196–197
- aggression
19, 108–109, 183
-
allyuh
18–19, 34–35, 74–80, 178–185, 191, 203, 205
;
see also pronominal address
- American English
3–4, 9, 14–15, 19, 26–29, 32, 34, 99–100, 106, 126, 128, 134–135, 144–145, 147–149, 174, 193–194, 204–208
- anger
50, 52, 54, 65–66, 70–71, 79–80, 109, 181, 183–184, 191–192
- anglophone Caribbean
3–7, 9, 16–19, 25–30, 32, 34–35, 47, 51, 57, 62, 67, 74, 88–89, 101, 111, 120, 140, 143, 157, 161–162, 203–207
- annoyance
79, 117, 165, 181, 183–184
- apparent-time hypothesis
84, 100, 136, 145, 150, 157, 173, 196
- ascending generation
17, 31–32, 57, 67–69, 73, 151, 171–177, 193, 201
-
Auntie
32, 121–128, 164, 171, 192, 200–203
B
- bare titles
15, 21–22, 25–26, 29, 33, 44–45, 48, 50–53, 55, 56–58, 61–64, 69–71, 97¬–109, 126–127, 132, 189–192, 195–196, 199, 201, 207
-
Boss
27, 47, 72–73, 99, 109–115, 118, 134, 193–194, 198, 202
-
Bossman
27, 110–115, 117–118, 193, 198
-
Boy
30, 49, 56, 70, 155–158, 191, 194, 196–197
- British English
3–5, 9, 26–27, 29–30, 32, 99–100, 106, 126, 128, 144–145, 148–149, 174, 204–207
-
Bro/Brother
17, 32, 58, 120, 153–154, 158–162, 171, 201–202
- Brown, P. & Levinson, S.
19–21, 80, 167, 183
- Brown, R. & Ford, M.
14–16, 29, 134–135, 147, 193
- Brown, R. & Gilman, A.
14–16, 21, 64, 66, 183
C
- Caribbean
see anglophone Caribbean
- Caribbean creoles
4–9, 18–19, 23, 34–35, 39, 122, 179–180, 205
;
see also Jamaican Creole
see also Trinidadian Creole
- Caribbean English
27, 34–35, 49, 58, 100, 143, 206
;
see also Jamaican English
see also Trinidadian English
- change in progress
84, 136, 150, 158, 190, 196–197
-
Chief
27, 47, 110–115, 117–118, 193, 198
- contempt
49, 66, 70–71, 73, 106–107
- creole pronounssee allyuh
see unu
D
- deference
21, 35, 54, 56, 58, 62–63, 71, 73, 78, 97, 119, 126, 133–138, 148–149, 183, 191, 193, 195–196, 198
- democratization
29, 67, 99–100, 205, 208
- descending generation
57–58, 66–68, 73, 151, 171, 193
- discourse completion test (DCT)92
E
- educational level
85–87, 94
-
Elder
27, 119–120, 133, 193
- ethnic identity
87–88, 127, 165, 202
;
see also identity
- ethnicity
87–88, 93, 96, 103–106, 111, 123, 125–128, 161–165, 176–177, 200–202
- ethnolinguistic repertoire
87–88, 127
F
- face-threatening act (FTA)
20–21, 35, 80, 166–167, 183–184
- familiarity
see under social relationship
-
Family
158–159, 161–165, 192
- first names (FN)
15, 16, 20–22, 25, 28–31, 44–45, 48–49, 55, 58, 61–62, 64–67, 69, 72–73, 134–139, 148–154, 171–172, 190–193, 196, 198–199, 205, 207
- formality
14–15, 52, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71–72, 78, 101, 106, 126, 130–133, 142, 150–151, 189–190, 196, 199, 207
- formal setting
see under situational context
- forms of address
see terms of address
- friendship
see under social relationship
G
- generic first names
25–26, 30, 45–46, 48–50, 53, 55–56, 58, 61–62, 64, 66–70, 73, 130, 132, 154–158, 191–194, 196–197
- geographical mobility
88–90
- good acquaintance
see under social relationship
-
Granny
121–127, 174–177, 192, 201
H
- hierarchic titles
25, 27, 45, 47–48, 53, 55, 61–62, 109–120, 165, 190, 193–194, 196, 198, 202, 204–205, 207
- honorifics
35, 52, 63–64, 69, 71, 77–79
- humour
21, 184–185, 191–192
I
- identity
9, 22–24, 39, 159, 171
;
see also act of identity
see also ethnic identity
- indirectness
80, 178, 182–184, 191
- informality
14, 30, 34, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 107, 118, 130–131, 133–134, 137, 139–142, 151, 157, 178, 196–197, 199, 207
- informal setting
see under situational context
- intimacy
14–15, 18, 21, 25, 27, 30–31, 44–45, 54–55, 58–59, 62, 64, 69, 71–73, 130, 134, 140, 142, 149, 151, 193, 195
- irony
21, 27, 108, 110, 191
J
- Jamaica
- linguistic development
7, 9
- Jamaican Creole
7, 9, 39, 74, 96, 178, 181
;
see also Caribbean creoles
- Jamaican English
47, 99–100, 204, 206–208
;
see also Caribbean English
K
- Kingston
89–90, 93, 103, 123, 202
- kinship
see under social relationship
- kinship terms
- for non-kin
17, 25, 32, 45–46, 53, 58, 67–69, 73, 120–128, 133–134, 158–165, 190–192, 200–202, 204–205
- for relatives
25, 31–32, 45, 54, 57–58, 73, 171–177, 193, 201–202
L
-
Lady
49, 51–52, 71, 107–109, 190
- last names (LN)
15, 25, 28, 45–46, 48, 53, 55, 61–62, 65–66, 69, 72, 144–148, 151, 193–194
- Le Page, R. & Tabouret-Keller, A.
23–24, 127, 201
M
-
Ma’am
26, 28, 51, 56, 58, 63, 70–71, 97–98, 100–109, 127, 132–133, 189–191, 195, 199–201, 203
-
Mama
32, 57, 172–176, 197
-
Man
30, 49, 56, 70, 73, 155–158, 191, 194, 197
- marital status
26–28, 51, 58, 100, 106, 129–130, 143, 190
-
Miss
26, 28, 51, 56, 58, 63–64, 70–71, 97–98, 100–104, 106–109, 127, 132–133, 189–191, 195–196, 200–201, 207
-
Mister
52–53, 71, 99, 107–109, 190
- mixed-sex dyads
42, 47–49, 54, 136, 159, 168–169, 194
- Mühleisen, S.
9, 16–19, 35, 65, 75, 77, 79–80, 140–141, 143, 162, 178, 181–185, 199, 203–204
-
Mum/Mummy
57, 58, 67–69, 171–173, 197
N
- neighbourhood setting
see under situational context
- nicknames
24–25, 30–31, 40, 45, 48, 53–55, 58, 61–62, 64–65, 146, 166, 191, 193, 195, 197
- nominal address
1–3, 13–18, 24–33, 44–73, 97–177
- non-reciprocal address usage
14–15, 65, 134
- non-standard (varieties of) English
7, 18, 27, 34–35, 39, 107
O
- occupation
85–87, 94, 134
- occupational status
15, 134–138, 196
P
- playfulness
64, 71–72, 109, 166
- politeness
14, 20–21, 25, 35, 78, 80, 101, 106–107, 148, 150, 167, 182–183, 208
- prestige
101–102, 137, 151, 199
- private setting
see under situational context
- pronominal address
1–2, 14, 18–19, 33–35, 74–80, 178–185
see also allyuh
see also unu
- V pronoun
14–16, 22, 78–79, 183
- public setting
see under situational context
Q
- questionnaire
91–95, 237–241
R
- reciprocal address usage
14–15, 144, 149, 151, 205
- region
88–90, 93, 96, 103, 111, 115, 123, 128, 161, 167, 202
- respect
17–18, 21, 26–27, 31–32, 52, 55–56, 58, 67, 69–73, 78, 97–139, 141–142, 164–165, 171–177, 183, 189–191, 193, 195–196, 199, 205, 207–208
- rural areas
88–90, 103, 119, 128, 161, 171–172, 202
S
- same-sex dyads
42, 47–49, 50–51, 53, 136, 159, 168–169, 194–195
- sample stratification
82–90
- school setting
see under situational context
- seniority
32, 55–56, 67–68, 119, 121, 126, 133–140, 142, 148–149, 164, 195–196, 198–199, 205
- sex
26–28, 30, 41–43, 46–54, 83–84, 93, 96, 99–101, 109, 111–114, 116–117, 121, 123, 131, 135–136, 143–144, 147, 156, 159, 165, 167–170, 175, 194–195
-
Sir
26, 52–53, 57, 97–100, 107–109, 118–119, 130–131, 189–191, 193
-
Sis/Sister
17, 32, 58, 68, 120, 152–154, 158–162, 171, 201–202
- situational context
3, 16, 19–21, 25–27, 31, 71, 130, 178, 184, 189–191, 204
- formal
26, 78, 98, 101, 103, 107, 109, 119–120, 140, 179–180, 184, 189, 191
- informal
27, 30, 52, 64, 71, 73–74, 107, 109, 116, 118–120, 126, 130, 132, 140, 142, 164, 178–179, 184, 189–191
- neighbourhood
20, 59, 126, 130–133, 141–142
- private
74, 178–179, 189–191
- public
6, 29, 98, 103, 109, 120, 180, 184, 189–191
- school
5, 28, 98, 100–101, 119, 145, 147, 189
- university
26, 29–30, 140, 145–147
- workplace
98, 111, 130, 134–139, 147–151, 199
- slight acquaintance
see under social relationship
- social class
85–87, 93–94, 96, 101–102, 104, 109, 114–115, 118, 122–123, 137, 150–151, 153–154, 156, 158, 162, 165, 198–200
- social desirability effect
91, 102, 137, 200
- social distance
20–22, 25–26, 32, 46, 64, 68–71, 97–139, 144, 146, 158, 190, 205, 208
- horizontal
22, 26, 45, 62–63, 69, 98–99, 116, 123, 134, 139–143, 147, 149, 151, 154, 192–193, 200
- vertical
22, 26, 54–55, 98–99, 109, 114–115, 119–120, 134, 139–143, 147, 149, 195–196, 198–199
- social relationship
- familiarity
14, 21–22, 25, 30, 32, 62, 64, 67–69, 73, 98, 101, 108, 117, 138–140, 142, 144–170, 190–191, 193
- friendship
30, 32, 43, 61–64, 67, 69–71, 115–117, 123–124, 144, 146, 148–149, 151, 158–164, 178–181, 183–184, 192–193, 201
- good acquaintance
43, 59–62, 65, 67–68, 72, 123–126, 149, 159–160, 162–164, 171, 192
- kinship
30–32, 43, 45–46, 57–58, 61–63, 66–67, 70, 73, 151, 170–177, 179–181, 193, 195, 201
- slight acquaintance
43–44, 46, 59–65, 67–73, 123–125, 159–160, 162–165, 192
- unfamiliarity
43–44, 46, 51–52, 61–64, 67, 69, 71, 73, 98, 108–109, 115–120, 123–127, 159–160, 162–165, 180, 190, 192–193, 200–201
- solidarity
14–15, 17, 21–22, 27, 30, 44–45, 47, 64, 68, 73, 117, 120–121, 144–170, 191, 193
- standard (varieties of) English
4–9, 18, 33–34, 205–206
- superiority
27, 109–110, 119, 146, 195
T
- terms of abuse
21, 25, 30–31, 40, 45, 53–54, 64–65, 166–168, 191, 194–195, 197
- terms of address
- definition and functions
1–3
- marked
16, 24, 65, 101, 107, 118, 142, 180, 184
- nominal
see nominal address
- pronominal
see pronominal address
- terms of endearment
21–22, 25, 30–31, 40, 45, 53–54, 58, 64–65, 168–170, 191, 193–195
- TFN
see titles plus first name
- titles
see bare titles
see hierarchic titles
- titles plus abbreviated last name
72, 139–140
- titles plus first name (TFN)
18, 25, 28–29, 45–48, 55–56, 61–62, 65, 72–73, 135, 139–143, 190, 196, 198–199, 203, 204, 207
- titles plus last name (TLN)
15–16, 22, 25, 27–30, 44–46, 48, 54–58, 61–66, 69–71, 78, 128–133, 135–139, 142, 148–151, 192, 195–196, 199–200, 205, 207
- TLN
see titles plus last name
- Trinidad
- linguistic development
8–9
- Trinidadian Creole
8–9, 39, 96, 178
;
see also Caribbean creoles
- Trinidadian English
99, 206–208
;
see also Caribbean English
- Trinidadians
- of African descent
88, 93, 103–106, 111, 123, 125, 127, 133, 161–163, 172–173, 176–177, 200–201
- of East Indian descent
88, 93, 103–106, 111, 123, 125, 127, 133, 161–163, 172–173, 176–177, 200–201
- of mixed ethnic descent
88, 93, 104–106, 111, 123, 125, 133, 161–163, 172, 176–177, 200–202
U
-
Uncle
17, 32, 57, 126–127
- unfamiliarity
see under social relationship
- university setting
see under situational context
-
unu
18–19, 34–35, 74–76, 78–80, 178–185, 191, 203, 205, 207
;
see also pronominal address
- urban areas
88–90, 111, 118–119, 128, 161, 171–172, 202
V
- variation in address behaviour
1, 3, 15–16, 48, 53–54, 56, 58, 62, 68–70, 73, 76, 99, 103–104, 112, 114–115, 120, 125, 131, 133, 135, 162, 171, 189–202, 204
- variationist sociolinguistics
16, 91
- vocatives
see nominal address
W
- workplace setting
see under situational context
- written questionnaire
see questionnaire