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The Mysterious Address Term anata 'you' in Japanese
Yoko Yonezawa
[Topics in Address Research 4] 2021
► pp. 205–208

Subject index

A

  • absolute specification 32–33, 35–36, 91, 93, 102, 110, 114, 116, 117, 128, 143, 145, 155, 170–172
  • addressee-proximal 40, 42
  • addressee-referent39
  • admonition, use of anata 84–86
  • advertisements as source of data 14–15, 18
  • advertising, use of anata 14–15, 92–93
  • advice–giving, use of anata 141–143
  • age groups, use of anata 72, 74–75
  • archaic use of anatasee women’s language, wife towards husband
  • Asahi Shimbun newspaper 17, 153, 155, 157

B

  • ba theory 64–65
  • background knowledge in communicationsee ‘common ground’
  • bound and unbound sets, person reference terms124

C

  • ‘common ground’ in communication 33–35, 56, 117, 171
  • conflict situations, use of anata 21, 29–30, 82–83
  • ‘constructed dialogue’ 100–105, 107, 115
  • ‘continuum of reference’ of 2SG
    • European languages96
    • Japanese constructed dialogue 101–104
  • Corpus of Japanese Spoken Language, The 13–14, 18
  • courtroom, use of anata 108, 110–111, 116
  • ‘culture’, problems in defining55

D

  • deixis 25–27
  • deixis, social99
  • demonstratives 38–39, 42
    • anata, history 38–42
    • konata, history 39–42
    • omae, history38
    • sonata, history 39–42
  • depreciation of politeness42
  • ‘derogatory’ forms47see also pronouns, second person, temee; kisama
  • descriptive words, fixedsee teikijutsu
  • diachronic relationship, demonstratives and personal pronouns 38–39, 41
  • dictionaries 6–7
  • Dictionary of Basic Japanesesee Kiso Nihongo Jiten
  • direct vs. indirect speech 98–100, 103–104 ; see also reported speech; ‘constructed dialogue’
  • discourse analysis 12–13
  • distance between interlocutors 20–21, 24, 30, 31, 70, 76–80, 86
  • distancing politeness strategy42

E

  • Edo period6
  • egalitarian address practice, the use of anata 145–146, 149, 151–153, 156, 158-159, 167
  • ellipsis, subjects 2, 9–10
  • English language
    • loss of T form152
    • pronouns, second person152
    • ‘you’ 95–96, 152
  • epistemic primacy 28–31, 110
  • equal status of interlocutors 78–79, 86–88
  • euphemistic expressions43
  • European languages
    • Englishsee English language
    • French 42, 151–152, 160
    • German42
    • pro-dropsee pro-drop European languages
    • T/V system 1, 48–49, 151, 160

F

  • ‘face’ 62–63
  • ‘face-threatening acts’62
    • used jokingly136
  • feminism influence of 155, 168
  • fixed descriptive wordssee teikijutsu
  • French language, T/V system 1, 48–49, 151, 16
  • friendliness, sense, among interlocutors 86–88 ; see also jocular utterances, use of anata

G

  • gembun itchi language movement 162–163
  • gender and use of anata 10, 85–86, 88 ; see also
  • generic seconds 94–95, 98, 104–105, 115, 172 ; see also women’s language impersonal
  • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 147–148

H

  • Honorifics for the Futuresee Korekara no Keigo
  • Hyoojungo ‘Standard Language’162see also Tokyo-standard variety

I

  • impersonal 94–96, 98, 105, 114, 116, 172 ; see also generic seconds
  • impoliteness 132–133 ; see also rudeness, ‘face-threatening acts’
  • incongruence, pragmatic 4–5
  • in-group/out-groupsee uchi/soto
  • inferior addressee 29, 73–74, 77–78, 82, 84–86 ; see also vertical relationships
  • ‘inflationary effects’ phenomenon43
  • interactional particle
    • ne 98–99
    • yo104
  • iwakan 80–81, 89, 172

J

  • Japan, modernization 145–146, 148–152, 158, 160–161, 169–170, 173
  • Japanese communication
    • politeness 62–65, 73
    • relationality60see also personhood
    • relationship acknowledgement 34, 118, 143
    • social norms 54, 64–66, 73, 81, 117, 155, 171
    • vertical rules 50, 54, 60–61, 68
  • Japanese Diet 110, 129, 133
    • Minutes of 15–16 ; see also parliamentary debates as source of data
  • Japanese family 23, 50
    • status relationships 32, 50 ; see also Japanese communication
  • Japanese language145
    • education147
    • historical stages 39–42
    • modernization 161–163
    • post-WWII policy 145–152
    • Tokyo-standard variety 8–9, 11, 14, 68–69
    • women 20–21, 162 ; see also women’s language
  • Japanese newspaperssee Asahi Shimbun newspaper; Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper
  • Japanese people, young 61, 65, 125, 135–136, 168
  • Japanese pronouns
    • consideration as true pronouns45see also pronominality scale
    • first person pronounssee pronouns
    • plenitude45
    • second person pronounssee pronouns
  • Japanese script, romanization 18, 148
  • Jocular utterances, use of anata 135–136

K

  • kankeitai society59
  • kinship terms 4, 23, 50–53, 121, 124, 126, 142
    • aneki 121–122
    • musume50
    • norms of use 49–51
    • obachan124
    • obasan53
    • ojiichan; ojiisan50
    • ojisan 52–53
    • okaasan 3–4, 139
    • oneechan 23, 73, 121
    • oneesan121
    • oniisan 126–128
    • niisan 51–53
    • otoosan 4, 26, 52–53, 126
    • otooto 50–51
  • Kiso Nihongo Jiten93
  • kobetsutai society59
  • Kokugo ‘National Language’ 162–163 ; see also Hyoojungo
  • Kokugo Shingikai 5, 146–148
  • Korekara no Keigo 5, 146, 148–150, 152–153
  • koyuu meishi 26–27

L

  • language expectations81
  • language policy, Japansee National Language Policy, post-WWII policy

M

  • Meiji period 39, 161–163
  • metalinguistic
    • discourse11
    • reflections 32, 35, 67–68, 172

N

  • names, personal48
  • National Language
    • Council of Japansee Kokugo Shingikai
    • Policy 5, 8, 146–148, 150, 152
    see Kokugo
  • native speakers’ perceptions of anata 5–8, 72, 75, 77–80, 83, 89, 117, 144 ; see also iwakan
  • Natsume Soseki 163–165
  • newspaper articles as source of data 17–18 ; see also Japanese newspapers
  • ni, Mandarin 96–98, 102–103
  • nikoo kankei60
  • ningen concept59
  • ninshoo meishi26
  • normative structure, communication34

O

  • ‘Observer’s Paradox’14
  • occupational terms/titles 32, 45, 51–53, 109–110
    • sensei 4, 23, 26, 51–53, 65, 119–120, 129

P

  • parliamentary debates as source of data 15–16, 18 see also Japanese Diet
    • limitations in use15
  • person nounssee ninshoo meishi; teikijutsu
  • personhood 56–57, 173 see also social relationships, interlocutors
    • in Bali57
    • ego-centric vs. sociocentric 57–58
    • in Gahuku society, Papua New Guinea58
    • Japanese concept 58–60
    • Western European concept 57–58
  • plural forms94
  • poems and songs 139–140
  • politeness 20–21, 27, 62– 65, 79, 99, 160, 171 see also impoliteness, ‘face’
    • politeness value, diminishment43
  • power and solidarity 48–49
  • power imbalance 133–134
  • power semantics 48–49
  • pragmatic value 42, 71
  • pragmatics 8, 11–12, 31–33, 36, 66, 73, 95, 101, 117, 171, 173
    • semantics and pragmatics intersection 8, 31, 173
  • print media, role in language modernization 163, 165 ; see also Asahi Shimbun newspaper; Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper; Natsume Soseki
  • pro-drop European languages3
  • pronominality scale45
  • pronouns, first person 20, 38, 45–46
    • atashi 20, 46
    • boku 20, 37–38, 46, 52, 150
    • ore 20, 46, 52, 167
    • watakushi 20, 46, 52
    • watashi 20, 26, 46, 150, 167
  • pronouns, second person 4, 20, 38, 45–47
    • anta 20, 46–47, 49, 88
    • ‘continuum of reference’see ‘continuum of reference’ of 2SG.
    • kimi 20, 23–24, 37–38, 44, 46–47, 49–50, 52, 93, 99–102, 150, 166
    • kisama47
    • omae 4–5, 20–24, 32, 38, 46–47, 49, 52–53, 78, 81, 85, 88, 150, 164–165
    • temee47
  • proper namessee koyuu meishi

Q

  • Quakers, address practices152
  • questionnaires, as source of data 11–12, 67–71
    • format 70–71
  • questionnaires, Japanese29
  • quoted speechsee reported speech, direct and indirect

R

  • ‘rank consciousness’60see also vertical rules
  • ‘referential intent’101see also specificity of referents
  • reflexive processes 146, 153, 158–160, 170
  • ‘relationality’60
  • reported speech, direct and indirect 98–100 ; see also ‘constructed dialogue’
  • Rinrigaku: Ethics in Japan 58–59 ; see also Watsuji Tetsuro
  • ritualistic expressions 63–64
  • rudeness 76–77, 89, 132 ; see also impoliteness
  • ‘rules’ for use of personal reference terms 22–23
  • ryoosai-kembo educationsee women’s education

S

  • Sanseidoo Kokugo Jiten dictionary7
  • semantics and pragmatics intersection 8, 31, 173
  • shared experience, role in communicationsee ‘common ground’
  • sincere messages, use of anata 137–138
  • social formulassee ritualistic expressions
  • social norms 34, 64–66, 81, 117, 143–144, 155, 171
    • women 157, 162, 169
  • social relationships interlocutors 1–2, 4, 32, 34, 60, 105, 117, 126, 171
    • acknowledgement of 53–54, 56, 118 ; see also personhood
    • in-laws 126–127
    • non-acknowledgement 2, 118, 120–125, 128, 130–135, 137, 142–143, 172–173
    • ‘rules’ for pronoun use 51–53
    • student-teacher 25–26, 65, 83, 119
    • young people’s thoughts 61, 65, 125
  • solidarity semantics 48–49
  • spatial semantics42
  • speaker-distal position 39–40
  • speaker-proximal position 39–40
  • speaker-referent position39
  • specificity of referents 94–95, 101 see ‘continuum of reference’ of 2SG, ‘referential intent’
  • speech acts142
  • status relationshipssee social relationships, interlocutors
  • Standard Languagesee Hyoojungo; Tokyo-standard variety
  • subjects, unexpressedsee ellipsis, subjects
  • suffixes (name/title)48
    • -chan48
    • -gata, PL94
    • -kun 48, 129
    • -sama48
    • -san 48, 113, 120
    • -tachi, PL94
  • superior addressee 44, 72–73, 76, 82, 134 ; see also vertical relationships
  • symmetrical use of anata 158, 167–169

T

  • tabooed expressions43
  • teikijutsu 26–27
  • ‘telecinematic discourse’ 16–17
  • titlessee also suffixes (name/title)
    • daijin129
    • gichoo129
    • iinchoo129
    • kachoo 26, 51–52
    • shachoo 4, 110–111
    • soori129
    • soori daijin129
  • Tokyo, language use 68–69
  • Tokyo-standard variety, Japanese language 8–9, 11, 14, 68–69
  • TV drama series as source of data 16–18, 108
  • T/V system, European languages 1, 48–49, 151, 160

U

  • uchi/soto54
  • unsuitability of languagesee iwakan

V

  • vertical relationships 50, 54, 60–61, 68, 71, 73, 77, 149
  • vocative and referential, distinguishing 9–10
  • ‘vulgar’ forms47see also pronouns, second person, omae

W

  • wakimae concept 64–66, 73
  • Watsuji Tetsuro 58–59
  • women’s education
    • modernization 161–163, 165
    • ryoosai-kembo education 162, 165, 167
  • women’s language 20–22, 136, 155–157, 160–165, 168–169
  • workplace, use of anata158

Y

  • Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper 17–18, 93–94, 153–154, 158
  • you, different senses in English 95–96, 152
  • you, Mandarinsee ni, Mandarin