Index

• academic conferences245–247, 250, 255, 265, 267; see also university setting

• acculturation144–147, 150n, 164

• accusation183–184

• action114, 121, 124, 136, 177, 180, 183

• activitySee action

• ad hoc categorisation117

• ad hoc descriptor113, 131–134

• address avoidance17, 22, 294

• address pronouns174, 373–376, 384, 385, 389; see also pronouns, polite address pronouns, plural address, pronominal address

• address theory10, 397–398, 400–401, 403, 417–418

• adjectival complements375

• affect224–225, 227; see also emotions

• affectivity222, 236, 240

• age36, 38, 54, 56–57, 178, 186, 189, 223, 224, 227; see also seniority

• asymmetry86, 220, 236–237, 239–240see also symmetrical relations
  • asymmetrical relations64, 70, 277–279
  • asymmetrical situations17

• attention-getting device99, 197, 202–203, 213, 215

• attitude50, 52, 56, 182–183, 186, 189

• authenticity340, 342–343, 360–362, 366–367

• banter406, 409; see also teasing

• bilingualism8, 142–147, 160, 163–164, 295

• code-mixing145, 158, 160, 163

• code-switchingSee code-mixing

• common ground130

• comparative dialectology2–3, 4n, 6, 10

• contrastive analysis4–5, 142–143

• contrastive linguistics2–3, 4n, 8

• contrastive pragmatics2, 4

• contrastiveness2, 4, 9

• convenience sample302, 305n

• convergence142, 146

• conversation36, 38–39, 41, 44, 49–50, 56, 114, 116

• Conversation Analysis2, 7–8, 114, 134, 198

• cooperation197, 205

• copula sentences373, 375, 379

• cultural studies142, 144, 148

• culture142–143, 159, 161, 345, 362, 366–367
  • collectivism148
  • cultural values93–94
  • cultural variability317, 321
  • I-culture148
  • individualism148
  • We-culture146, 148

• deference51–53, 57, 278; see also respect

• deixis397, 399, 402–403, 417
  • deictic pronouns113–116, 117n, 121–122, 127, 134, 136; see also pronouns, pronominal address
  • social deixis224, 225

• dialects340, 349–350, 354; see also variation

• discourse analysis8, 142, 345
  • Ethnographic Discourse Analysis8, 171–172, 176–177, 188, 190

• discourse structure marking226

• distance36, 51–53, 57, 63–66, 78, 174–175, 184–186, 188–189, 277, 280see also social distance
  • closeness95, 104–105, 107, 109, 175, 187
  • horizontal distance64, 64n, 86, 88
  • intimacy38, 46–48, 51–53, 56–57, 94, 97, 222, 224, 232, 236, 240
  • vertical distance64, 66, 75, 82, 86, 88

• Dutch4, 23, 399n, 401–402, 406, 415, 417

• elicited data342–343

• emotions41n, 49–53, 57; see also affect

• endearments9, 21, 26, 29–31, 201, 216–217, 220, 222–225, 232–233, 235–239, 240; see also nominal address

• English92, 97, 104, 316–335
  • American English246, 249–250, 258, 260, 264–266, 268, 331–332, 335
  • Australian English246, 249–250, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 329–331
  • British English220, 222, 229, 233, 246, 249, 250, 262, 266, 316, 319, 322–323, 333
  • Canadian English327–328
  • Irish English326, 334
  • New Zealand English320, 330–331

• etiquette318, 321, 329–331, 333–334

• face62, 93, 267, 404, 407
  • face needs67, 268
  • face threat96, 266
  • face threatening act(ion)62, 171, 181, 187–189, 203, 215, 282
  • face enhancing act203
  • facework85

• familiarisers201, 223, 225; see also nominal address

• familiarity13, 21, 23, 27, 30, 94, 97, 187, 235

• feelingsSee emotions

• first name13, 17–18, 22–23, 28–29, 31, 67, 71–72, 74–76, 77t, 79, 81t, 83, 87, 92–93, 95–96, 98, 100–101, 103–110, 119, 125, 134n, 137, 197, 200–201, 203, 211, 220, 223, 228, 235, 240, 299t, 300–301, 303, 305–307, 308t; see also names

• focus group92, 97–107, 109–110

• footing128–129, 221, 236–237, 239–240

• formality15–17, 19, 29–31, 41, 49–54, 56–57, 63–64, 67–68, 72–74, 76–79, 82–84, 87, 94–96, 99n, 100, 105–108, 171, 173–175, 179–181, 188–189, 277–283, 284t, 286–289, 316, 318, 329, 333–334

• French4, 7–8, 10, 375–376
  • Modern Standard French373–374, 388
  • Old French86, 379, 389

• friends39, 42, 46–47, 49–51, 115, 125–128, 133–134
  • boyfriend41n
  • classmates149, 155t; see also university settings
  • girlfriend39, 47
  • peers92–108

• gender38–39, 94, 98, 102–104, 109, 223–224, 227, 230n, 373–374, 376, 376n, 380n, 386–388, 393

• generalisability348, 355, 357, 360, 366

• German1, 4, 248–249, 252–256, 258t, 259, 268
  • as a pluricentric language245–246, 255–256
  • Austrian German246, 249, 251, 253–264, 266–268
  • Swiss German246, 249, 252–264, 268
  • Low German86

• globalisation92, 104, 109–110

• grammaticalisation275, 277n, 402

• greetings22–23, 61–63, 65–67, 69, 73, 76, 80, 82, 84–85, 87, 172–173, 175, 177, 179–180, 183, 188, 289, 302–305, 307–308, 310, 311t
  • closing62, 65–66, 68, 70–73, 77–85
  • opening62, 65–67, 71–76, 83, 85–86
  • farewell177, 181
  • formulaic greeting65–66, 71, 76–77, 82–85, 87–88

• Hindi142, 144–149, 150n, 152, 156, 158–163

• historical comparative linguistics2–4

• honorifics4, 7–8, 113, 117, 134–137, 200–201, 211, 220, 223, 231, 233tsee also titles
  • honorific prefix95
  • honorification407–408, 417

• hybrid forms of address142, 144–146, 148, 159–160

• identification35, 50–51, 55, 56

• identity29, 49, 55, 123, 142, 146–147, 163, 224, 227, 232, 239–240, 267, 273n, 274, 295, 297, 317, 319, 334, 405, 418
  • I-identity148
  • identity markers232, 405
  • regional identities362
  • We-identity148

• impoliteness17, 24, 28, 81, 99–100, 105–106, 409, 411–412

• informality13, 15–16, 22, 24, 30–31, 41 50–52, 66–68, 72–73, 80, 87, 94, 173n, 179, 181, 185, 188, 277–278, 280, 282–283, 286, 289
  • informalisation31, 104, 109

• intercultural communication3–4, 245–246, 317, 320–321

• intercultural pragmatics61, 247

• interpersonal relations(hip)93–94, 197, 199, 202, 204–205, 207, 209, 211, 275, 277–278; see also social relationship

• interviews142, 147–148, 158, 161

• Italian373, 375, 380, 383–389, 393
  • Modern Standard Italian374, 386–388, 393
  • Neo-standard Italian349
  • Northern Italian386
  • Old Italian383–390, 392–393
  • regional Italians349, 355
  • Standard Italian349, 354–355

• kinship37–38, 40, 41n, 223
  • aunt117–118, 126–127
  • brother95, 101, 108
  • children117–122, 128
  • couples46, 128–130
  • family members115
  • metaphorical kinship125–127, 137
  • kinship terms92, 94–95, 98, 101–103, 105, 108–110, 113, 117–127, 136–137, 143, 171, 173, 185–189, 200–201, 299–307, 307n, 308t, 313
  • siblings37, 117, 118, 122, 123–125, 137
  • sister101–102, 108
  • uncle117–118, 126–127
  • parents117–122, 126–128, 137
  • patronym200
  • relatives104

• language teaching274–275, 278, 281, 287, 290

• Lexical-Functional Grammar373, 375

• membership category119, 124

• metapragmatic awareness272, 274–275, 281, 289

• minority language294n, 295–296

• misunderstanding57, 186

• modality (mode)119–121, 124, 128, 131, 135n

• multilingualism142, 144–147, 163, 164

• names63, 66, 71–72, 74–77, 79–80, 82–85, 92–96, 98, 100–110see also nicknames, pet names, nominal address
  • ad hoc name131–134, 136
  • bare form of names37, 41n, 42–43, 45–46, 48–51, 53, 56
  • family name35–36, 38–41, 43, 45–49, 51, 52, 54, 56–57
  • full name35–36, 39–40, 43, 45–46, 49–51, 53–57, 67, 76, 95, 98, 100–101, 105–106, 108
  • given name35–36, 40–41, 43, 45–46, 48–51, 53–54, 56–57, 95, 101–104
  • last name67, 72t, 73, 75, 87, 95–96, 98, 100–101, 104–106, 108–109; see also surname
  • personal name201
  • proper name94, 200
  • surname18, 95, 105, 108, 135, 197, 200–201, 211, 216, 299–301, 303, 326–333
  • syntactic structure of names36n, 40
  • trade name200–201; see also occupation

• naming221–227, 229, 233, 239, 247, 249, 251

• nativisation144–147

• naturally occurring data342–343

• nicknames27, 29, 92, 93, 95, 98, 100–101, 105–110, 119, 125, 201; see also pet names

• nominal address13–14, 17, 115n, 116–117, 171–176, 179–183, 185, 188–190; see also endearments, familiarisers, names

• null pronoun276–278, 280, 284t

• number374, 376–377, 380–385, 387–390, 392–393

• observation142, 147, 342, 345, 360–362, 364

• occupation95–96, 223
  • occupational terms37, See namestitles
  • teacher40, 42, 47–49, 52, 55

• person376, 380n, 387, 393

• pet names113, 117, 121, 125, 127–131, 136; see also nicknames

• plural address200, 210; see also address pronouns

• pluricentric languages62n, 69, 247, 249, 256, 267, 272–274, 290, 297, 312, 316–317, 319, 320–321, 335; see also Portuguese, German

• polite address pronouns373–386, 388–389, 390, 392–394; see also address pronouns

• politeness61, 62, 65, 88, 92–94, 99n, 100, 102, 104, 109–110, 146, 148, 161, 197, 199, 203n, 214–215
  • discernment politeness407–408, 416
  • polite behaviour17–18, 61, 85, 95, 99, 107
  • polite speech373, 375, 389
  • politeness feature63, 373, 375, 378, 380, 386, 393
  • politeness marker215, 300
  • politeness strategies93, 143, 146, 147, 160, 161, 268
  • politeness theory142, 397–398, 403–404, 410, 412, 414, 417–418
  • positive politeness92, 102, 104, 199, 212
  • negative politeness104, 199
  • syntactic politeness373, 393
  • transactional politeness407
  • volitional politeness407

• politic behaviour409, 411, 414–415

• Portuguese
  • as a foreign language274, 287–289, 290
  • as a pluricentric language272–273, 290

• positioning226

• postcolonial contexts142–144

• power38, 64–65, 172, 174, 176, 199, 202, 205, 215, 222, 227, 273n, 274, 283
  • power relations397
  • power distance147–148, 152

• pragmaticalisation221, 225; see also semantic bleaching

• prestige272, 278, 284, 288, 289, 290, 344, 362, 366, 389, 391–392

• pro-drop language298, 379, 384, 388, 392

• professionSee occupation

• pronominal address13, 172–175, 180n, 188–189, 354–355, 379, 389, 390see also address pronouns, deixis, pronouns
  • pronominal address variation272, 274, 280, 288
  • third person forms322

• pronouns15–17, 21, 24–27, 30–31, 94–95see also pronominal address, address pronouns
  • personal pronoun37–38, 43, 55
  • pronoun avoidance277
  • first person pronoun325
  • second person pronouns43, 55, 329, 397, 399, 403, 405t, 406; see also address pronouns
  • zero pronouns116–117, 127

• questionnaires142, 147–149, 162, 343, 345, 347–348

• rapport408
  • rapport building220, 228, 239
  • rapport enhancement235, 240

• rating scales343, 345, 365

• reality television (RTV)13–15, 18–19, 21, 26, 29–31

• reciprocity197, 208

• representativeness340, 342, 346–347, 362–364, 366

• requests63, 70, 197–199, 203, 205, 212–215, 235–236, 238–239, 300

• respect95, 109, 135, 136, 146, 149–151, 153–156, 158–159, 161–162, 173–174, 186, 188, 197–199, 201–202, 209, 211, 215–217, 255, 267, 286, 354, 365see also deference
  • respect marker153–154, 156, 161

• ritual204, 207–210, 212–214

• role95–96, 102
  • role labels134–137
  • role noun299–300

• routines63, 171, 235, 245–246, 250
  • routinisation197, 204, 228

• rudeness
  • rural settings174–175, 186, 189
  See impoliteness

• self-reference114–115, 118, 120–121, 128–129, 131

• semantic bleaching225; see also pragmaticalisation

• seniority151, 155–156, 160see also age
  • junior colleague40, 52–53
  • senior colleague40

• sexSee gender

• social distance21, 92–94, 97, 108–110, 199, 202, 209, 227, 235–237; see also distance

• social index113

• social norms5, 37, 40, 43, 188–189, 411
  • (socio-)cultural norms8, 61, 67, 143, 171, 189, 198, 316
  • norms143, 146–147, 151, 158, 161, 164, 316, 319, 345, 357, 361, 365, 410

• social prestigeSee prestige

• social relationship35–36, 42–43, 51, 53, 95, 121, 134, 137, 239; see also interpersonal relations

• social statusSee status

• solidarity38, 64–65, 93–94, 107, 109, 172–174, 199, 201–202, 212, 228, 283, 288, 365

• Spanish373, 375, 380, 389–393
  • Chilean Spanish373–375, 390–393
  • Peninsular Spanish373–375, 389–392
  • Old Spanish389–393

• survey347, 359, 364, 366

• stance115, 119, 120–124, 128–129, 132, 134, 136–137, 226, 240

• status38, 57, 122, 124, 126–127, 128, 199, 202, 206, 222–224, 236, 238–239, 277, 288–289, 365

• symmetric/symmetrical relations64, 80, 86, 277–278, 289; see also asymmetry

• teasing124, 132–133, 137; see also banter

• teknonymsSee kinship

• terms of abuse406, 409

• titles17–18, 26, 36–38, 40–43, 45–46, 51, 53–54, 56–57, 72–74, 87, 94–96, 98, 101–103, 105–106, 109, 131, 134–135, 200–201see also honorifics
  • affixal title40–41
  • general title40
  • honorific title40, 41n, 42n, 52, 54, 56, 135
  • professional title40, 52, 57See occupation
  • stem title40

• translanguaging142, 144–146, 158, 163

• translingual146–147, 163–164

• turn taking17, 26, 28, 203, 210–214, 225

• university setting142, 159–160; see also academic conferences, friends

• urban settings174–175, 357, 360, 364–365

• variation143–144see also dialects
  • diaphasic variation275–276, 278–279, 284, 349
  • diastratic variation278, 349
  • diatopic variation275–276, 349
  • regional variation340–341, 346, 348, 350, 353, 355–357, 359, 363–364

• variational pragmatics247, 268

• vocatives94, 183n, 184, 197–198, 200, 397, 399, 403
  • vocative suffix40, 46, 53, 56