Notwithstanding their importance as a segment of high-volume translation, comics have largely been neglected in Translation Studies. This paper presents a theoretical framework for studying the translation of comics as a social practice. On the premise that the production and reception of texts is dependent on their position and relative value in a given society, comics are first analyzed as a social phenomenon with the help of Bourdieu's theory of the cultural field. The translation-relevant elements of comics are then identified on the linguistic, typographic, and pictorial levels, and concepts of rhetoric are used to establish a classification of translation strategies which applies to both verbal and nonverbal textual material. Finally, a number of examples are discussed to highlight the diversity of translation strategies for the various elements of comics.
1966 “Die Schule der Adler”. Lupo modem 91. 14–18.
Conway, Gerry and Sal Buscema
1989 “The Spectacular Spider-Man”. Marvel Comics 11. 146.
Conway, Gerry and Sal Buscema
1989 “Die Spinne”. Condor Comic-Taschenbuch 431.
Goscinny, René and Albert Uderzo
1961Une aventure d'Astérix le Gaulois. Paris: Dargaud.
Goscinny, René and Albert Uderzo
1963Astérix et les Goths. Paris: Dargaud.
Goscinny, René and Albert Uderzo
1966 “Siggi der Unverwüstliche”. Lupo modem 31. 24–27.
Goscinny, René and Albert Uderzo
1966 “Siggi und die Ostgoten”. Lupo modem 311. 14–17.
Otomo, Katsuhiro
1986Akira. Tokyo: Kodansha
Otomo, Kathsuhiro
1992Akira: Herrscher über das Chaos. Aus dem Japanischen von Junko Iwamoto-Seebeck und Jiirgen Seebeck. Hamburg: Carlsen.
Parker, BrantJohnny Hart
1996 “The Wizard of Id”. Dagens Nyheter 4.2.1996.
Secondary Literature
Abret, Katia and Cécile Hennart
1991Les échanges internationaux dans la bande dessinée. Poitiers: unpublished study.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1966 “Champ intellectuel et projet créateur”. Les temps modernes 2461. 865–906.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1971 “Le marché des biens symboliques”. L'année sociologique 221. 49–126.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1982Leçon sur la leçon. Paris: Éd. de Minuit.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1984Questions de sociologie. Paris: Éd. de Minuit.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1992Les règles de l'art: Genèse et structure du champ littéraire. Paris: Seuil.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1994Raisons pratiques: Sur la théorie de l'action. Paris: Seuil.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1996Sur la télévision, suivi de: L'emprise du journalisme. Paris: Liber—Raisons d'Agir.
Charle, Christophe
1979La crise littéraire à l'époque du naturalisme: Roman, théâtre et politique. Essai d'histoire sociale des groupes et des genres littéraires. Paris: Presses de l'École normale supérieure.
1998 “Skopostheorie”. Mary Snell-Hornby, Hans Hönig, Paul Kußmaul and Peter A. Schmitt, eds. Handbuch Translation. Tübingen: Stauffenburg 1998 104–107.
Dolle-Weinkauff, Bernd
1990Comics: Geschichte einer popularen Literaturform in Deutschland seit 1945. Weinheim/Basel: Beltz.
Drechsel, Wiltrud U., Jörg Funhoff and Michael Hoffmann
1975Massenzeichenware: Die gesellschaftliche und ideologische Funktion der Comics. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
1985Sprachspiel und Übersetzung: Eine Studie anhand der Comic-Serie Astérix. Tübingen: Stauffenburg.
Groupe Mu
(Edeline, Francis, Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, Philippe Minguet) 1992Traité du signe visuel: Pour une rhétorique de l'image. Paris: Seuil.
Hartmann, Regina
1982 “Betrachtungen zur arabischen Version von ASTÉRIX: Ein Übersetzungsvergleich”. Linguïstische Berichte 811. 1–31.
Hermans, Theo
1985 “Translation Studies and a New Paradigm”. Theo Hermans, ed. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. London: Croom Helm. 1985. 7–15.
Hermans, Theo
1996 “Norms and the Determination of Translation: A Theoretical Framework”. Roman Alvarez and M. Carmen-Africa Vidal, eds. Translation, Power, Subver-sion. Clevedon etc.: Multilingual Matters 1996 25–51.
1998 “Sprache und Bild in der Comicübersetzung”. Bernd Kettemann, Martin Stegu and Hartmut Stöckl, eds. Mediendiskurse: VERBAL-Workshop 1996 Graz. Frankfurt/M.: Lang 1998 93–105.
Kaindl, Klaus
1999 “Warum sind alle Japaner Linkshänder?: Zum Transfer von Bildern in der Übersetzung von Comics”. TEXTconTEXT 13 = NF 3:1. 1–24.
Kaindl, Klaus
in press. “Comics und Cartoons: Daten, Fakten, Zahlen”. Ü wie Übersetzen: Zeitschrift der österreichischen Übersetzergemeinschaft.
Kolp, Manuel
1992Le langage cinématographique en bande dessinée. Bruxelles: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles.
Krafft, Ulrich
1978Comics lesen: Untersuchungen zur Textualitat von Comics. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
1993Einführung in das funktionale Übersetzen: Am Beispiel von Titeln und Überschriften. Tübingen/Basel: Francke.
Reiß, Katharina and Hans J. Vermeer
1984Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Richet, Bertrand
1993 “Quelques réflexions sur la traduction des références culturelles: Les citations littéraires dans 'Astérix'”. Michel Ballard, ed. La traduction à l'Université: Recherche et propositions didactiques. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille 1993 199–221.
Schmitt, Peter A.
1997 “Comics und Cartoons: (kein) Gegenstand der Übersetzungswissenschaft?” Horst W. Drescher, ed. Transfer: Übersetzen-Dolmetschen-Interkulturalitat. Frankfurt/M. etc.: Lang 1997 619–662.
Schwarz, Alexander
1989Comics übersetzen—besonders ins Deutsche und besonders in der Schweiz. Lausanne: CTL. [= Travaux du centre de traduction littéraire 4.]
1979Untersuchungen zur semiotischen Àsthetik des Comic Strip unter der besonderen Berücksichtigung von Onomatopoese und Typographie: Zur Grundlage einer Comic-Didaktik. Dortmund. [unpublished PhD Thesis.]
Würstle, Regine
1991 “Äquivalenzprobleme bei der Übersetzung multimedialer Texte: Zur Übersetzung der Comics 'Les Frustrés' von Claire Brétecher”. Christian Schmitt, ed. Neue Methoden der Sprachmittlung. Wilhelmsfeld: Egert 1991 149–170.
2019. Strategies of Adaptation in the Finnish Publications of Marvel's Superhero Comics. The Journal of Popular Culture 52:3 ► pp. 703 ff.
Asimakoulas, Dimitris
2018. Synchrony issues in comics. Language transfer and gender-specific characterisation in English translations of Greek Aristophanic comics. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 9:4 ► pp. 350 ff.
Asimakoulas, Dimitris
2023. Your translated memory or mine? Re-membering graphic novels in performed audio descriptions for The Cartoon Museum, London. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics► pp. 1 ff.
Badi-ozaman, Fatemeh, Masoud Sharififar & Mina Zandrahimi
2022. Analysing the Persian translation of sound effects in comic books by Celotti’s strategies. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 13:4 ► pp. 571 ff.
Borodo, Michał
2015. Multimodality, translation and comics. Perspectives 23:1 ► pp. 22 ff.
Chen, Shukun & Zenan Zhong
2022. Perceiving the poetic world: A corpus-assisted transitivity analysis of poetry comics. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Chen, Yi-Chiao
2024. An Eco-translatology approach to investigating the translation of comics: Case study of
The Sayings of Zhuangzi. Meta 68:2 ► pp. 224 ff.
Chow, Yean Fun
2023. A social semiotic multimodal analysis of ateji translation in manga. Social Semiotics 33:4 ► pp. 787 ff.
Chow, Yean Fun, Hasuria Che Omar & Wan Rose Eliza Abdul Rahman
2021. Manga Translation and Censorship Issues in Malaysia. KEMANUSIAAN The Asian Journal of Humanities 28:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Colombo, Alice
2019. Translation, book history and the transnational life of “street literature”. Translation Studies 12:3 ► pp. 288 ff.
D'Arcangelo, Adele & Federico Zanettin
2004. Dylan Dog Goes to the USA: a North-American Translation of an Italian Comic Book Series. Across Languages and Cultures 5:2 ► pp. 187 ff.
De Dobbeleer, Michel
2022. Do you need foreknowledge about Bulgakov and Woland? Making Juliane Blank’s comics adaptation parameters more flexible. Neohelicon 49:1 ► pp. 201 ff.
Gao, Xiu & Danielle Gurevitch
2023. Acceptance and perception of multimodal expression of Israeli-Jewish culture in China: ‘The Realist’ comic strip as a case study. Israel Affairs 29:6 ► pp. 1220 ff.
Gorlée, Dinda L.
2015. From words and sentences to interjections: The anatomy of exclamations in Peirce and Wittgenstein. Semiotica 2015:205 ► pp. 37 ff.
Huang, Cheng-Wen & Arlene Archer
2014. Fluidity of modes in the translation of manga: the case of Kishimoto’s Naruto. Visual Communication 13:4 ► pp. 471 ff.
Jüngst, Heike Elisabeth
2004. Japanese Comics in Germany. Perspectives 12:2 ► pp. 83 ff.
Kaindl, Klaus
2008. Visuelle Komik: Sprache, Bild und Typographie in der Übersetzung von Comics. Meta 53:1 ► pp. 120 ff.
2006. Semantic Models for the Translation of Greek Institutional Terms in the Field of Education. Meta 51:1 ► pp. 160 ff.
Martinez, Nicolas
2024.
Translation and the acquisition of symbolic capital: The
Blueberry
Western series in the field of American comic books
. Perspectives 32:1 ► pp. 119 ff.
Molés-Cases, Teresa
2020. Manner salience and translation: A case study based on a multilingual corpus of graphic novels. Lebende Sprachen 65:2 ► pp. 346 ff.
2008. From Thumbelina to Winnie-the-Pooh: Pictures, Words, and Sounds in Translation. Meta 53:1 ► pp. 76 ff.
OKYAYUZ, Ayşe Şirin & Elif ERSÖZLÜ
2022. Çocuklar için çizgi romanla tarih anlatısı, çevirisi ve eleştirisi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi :29 ► pp. 1086 ff.
Pekūnas, Žygimantas
2019. Text as Image: A Case Study of the Lithuanian Translation of Art Spiegelman’s Graphic Novel MAUS. Vertimo studijos 12 ► pp. 99 ff.
Pischedda, Pier Simone
2020. A Diachronic Analysis of the Translation of English Sound Symbolism in Italian Comics. Open Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 19 ff.
Pischedda, Pier Simone
2022. A Corpus-Based Study on the Translation of English Ideophones in Italian Picture Books: The Case of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid. Languages 7:3 ► pp. 224 ff.
Pitkäsalo, Eliisa
2020. Traduction intersémiotique et contexte : des contrats en bande dessinée en tant que documents juridiques accessibles*. Meta 65:1 ► pp. 123 ff.
Porras, María
2021. Los territorios comunes del cómic y la traducción: leer, interpretar, traducir, adaptar. Estudios de Traducción 11 ► pp. 1 ff.
Rohan, Olivia, Ryoko Sasamoto & Sharon O'Brien
2021. Onomatopoeia: A relevance-based eye-tracking study of digital manga. Journal of Pragmatics 186 ► pp. 60 ff.
SAĞLAM, Naciye
2022. From Page to Stage, Linguistic to Multimodal: Stage Adaptations from Literary Texts. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi 2022:33 ► pp. 119 ff.
Sleeper, Morgan & Daphne Iskos
2021. “In the name(s) of the moon!”: ‘Japaneseness’ & Reader Identity in Two Translations of Sailor Moon. The Journal of Anime and Manga Studies 2 ► pp. 121 ff.
Wang, Dingkun & Brian Yecies
2023. Collaborative Cultural Intermediation and Communitainment Value in the Creator Economy: The Expanding Case of Webtoons. Emerging Media 1:2 ► pp. 218 ff.
Zanettin, Federico
2018. Translation, censorship and the development of European comics cultures. Perspectives 26:6 ► pp. 868 ff.
Zhao, Jing
2023. Re-instantiation of multimodal meaning in the translation of Chinese comic Zhuang Zi Speaks: The Music of Nature. Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies 10:1 ► pp. 34 ff.
Ziemann, Zofia
2020. Kafka re-re-retranslated: the graphic novel Kafka in English, German and Polish. The Translator 26:1 ► pp. 9 ff.
Zitawi, Jehan
2008. Contextualizing Disney Comics within the Arab Culture. Meta 53:1 ► pp. 139 ff.
Завьялова, Юлия Анатольевна
2021. Особенности функционирования вербального компонента в социальных комиксах на немецком языке. ГУМАНИТАРНЫЕ НАУКИ :№04/2 ► pp. 169 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.