This paper establishes both full and simplified models for the textual analysis of metaphor in a translation context (Section 1). I present the comparison theory of metaphor (Section 2), show how this can be integrated with the notions of lexicalization and non-lexicalization (Section 3) and consider the semantic purposes of metaphor (Section 4).
The remainder of the paper focuses on the translation of metaphor, starting with more abstract langue-oriented notions. I offer a critique and revision of Newmark’s (1988) metaphor typology (Section 5), and demonstrate how the revised typology can be integrated with the notions of lexicalization and non-lexicalization (Section 6). I then consider Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) model of metaphorical ‘schemata’, and propose ways in which this can also be integrated into an overall model (Section 7). I discuss the practical application of this model to Arabic–English translation (Section 8).
In addition to langue-oriented notions, I suggest that a full account of metaphor for translation needs to take into account the more parole-oriented notion of the interaction of metaphors in texts. I consider the notions of metaphorical congruence (Section 9), and metaphorical exuberance and density. Illustrating my arguments with Arabic–English translation data, I suggest that in given registers, different languages may tolerate more or less metaphorical density and exuberance as well as different degrees of metaphorical mixing (Section 10). The paper concludes with a consideration of the kind of ‘Full Model’ one might build up for a detailed academic study of metaphor translation (Section 11).
1.Aims of this paper: The full and simplified models
1.1A basic definition of metaphor
1.2The importance of metaphor in translation
ST with Arabic metaphors and associated phenomena marked
Literal TT with Arabic ST metaphors and associated phenomena marked
Idiomatic TT with English metaphors and associated phenomena marked
2.The comparison theory
1.The past is another country; they do things differently there
3.Lexicalized vs. non-lexicalized metaphors
4.The purposes of metaphor
i.[T]o describe a mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or action more comprehensively and concisely than is possible in literal or physical language (Newmark 1988: 104).
ii.To express an openfended denotation or potential range of denotations
5.Metaphor and translation: Newmark’s approach
5.1Types of metaphor in Newmark
6.Integration of the lexicalized–non-lexicalized distinction with Newmark’s categories
7.Lakoff and Johnson’s model
8.Application of the Simplified Model to translation analysis
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