Article published In:
TargetVol. 21:2 (2009) ► pp.209–234
Pragmatic shifts in two translations of Fusheng Liuji
A descriptive study of request behaviour
This study focuses on translation shifts in speech act realisation patterns in two English translations of the Chinese work Fusheng Liuji. It employs analytical tools from cross-cultural pragmatics to describe speech act behaviour in the original and its translations. Lin uses more translation shifts—including significant shifts in strategy use, and moderate shifts in information sequencing—than Pratt … Chiang, who mainly retain the original pragmatic features. Both the translators and the original author make frequent use of request formulae. The two translations also show marked shifts from lexical to syntactic modification of requests. The article further examines the translators’ approaches to translation in terms of their concept of translation and the historical and social contexts of their translations.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Cross-cultural pragmatics and translation studies
- 3.Method
- 3.1Sample: The original and the translated texts
- 3.2Methods of data analysis: the coding scheme
- 4.Results
- 4.1Shifts in strategy use
- 4.2Internal modifications
- 4.3Formulaic expressions
- 4.4External modifications: information sequencing
- 5.Discussion
- 5.1Translation shifts caused by linguistic constraints
- 5.2Translation shifts at the translator’s discretion
- 5.3Methodology: Tools of cross-cultural pragmatics in translation studies
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
-
References
References (73)
References
Achiba, Machiko. 2003. Learning to Request in a Second Language: A Study of Child Interlanguage Pragmatics. Clevedon, England/Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Austin, John L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Taylor & Francis Limited. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Birch, Cyril. 1961. “Review of Chapters From a Floating Life. The Autobiography of a Chinese Artist by Shen Fu, translated by Shirley M. Black”. The Journal of Asian Studies 20:4. 526–527. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. 1986. “Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation”. Juliane House and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, eds. Interlingual and Intercultural Communication. Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies. Tübingen: Narr., 1986. 17–35.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. 1989. “Playing it safe: The role of conventionality in directness”. Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House and Gabriele Kasper, eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp., 1989. 37–70.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, and Juliane House. 1989. “Investigating cross-cultural pragmatics: an introductory overview”. Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House and Gabriele Kasper, eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp., 1989. 1–34.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper. 1989. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Boase-Beier, Jean. 2004. “Knowing and not knowing: Style, intention and the translation of a holocaust poem”. Language and Literature 13:1. 25–35. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Catford, John C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chan, Wing-Tsit. 1947. “Ling Yutang, critic and interpreter”. College English 8:4. 163–169. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cohen, Andrew D. 1996. “Developing the ability to perform speech acts”. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18:2. 253–267. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena, and Lubomír Doležel. 1972. “An Early Chinese Confessional Prose: Shen Fu’s Six Chapters of a Floating Life”. T’oung Pao, 2nd Series 58:1/5. 137–160. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dong, Hui <董晖>. 2002. “<老到圓熟出神入化: 林語堂《浮生六记》英譯本賞析>”. Journal of Xi’an Internat ional Studies University 10:3. 11–15.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Farghal, Mohammed, and Ahmed Borini. 1997. “Pragmareligious failure in translating Arabic politeness formulas into English: Evidence from Mahfouz’s Awlad Haritna”. Multilingua 16:1. 77–99. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. 1986. “What makes some indirect speech acts conventional?” Journal of Memory and Language 25:2. 181–196. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gutt, Ernst-August. 1991. Translation and relevance: Cognition and context. Oxford: Basil Black-well.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hatim, Basil, and Jeremy Munday. 2004. Translation: An advanced resource book. London: Routledge. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hegel, Robert E. 1986. “Review of The Story of the Stone, vol. 4 The Debt of Tears, vol. 5, The Dreamer Wakes by Cao Xueqin & E Gao, translated by John Minford”. Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) 8:1/2. 129.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hermans, Theo. 1999. Translation in Systems: Descriptive and Systemic Approaches Explained. Manchester, England: Saint Jerome.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hickey, Leo, ed. 1998. The Pragmatics of Translation. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Howell, E. B. 1936. “Review of T’ien Hsia”. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931–1939)
15:3. 478. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, Eva, and David Pollard. 1998. “Chinese translation”. Mona Baker and Kirsten Malmkjaer, eds. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge, 1998. 365–376.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, Martin W. 1995. Literati and Self-Re/Presentation: Autobiographical Sensibility in the Eighteenth-Century Chinese Novel. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jakobson, Roman. 1959/2000. “On translation”. Lawrence Venuti, ed. The Translation Studies: Reader. London: Routledge, 1959/2000. 113–118.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kasper, Gabrieleed. 1995. Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language. Honolulu: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kasper, Gabriele, and Kenneth R. Rose. 1999. „Pragmatics and SLA“. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 191. 81–104. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kirkpatrick, Andy. 1991. “Information sequencing in Mandarin letters of request”. Anthropological Linguistics 33:2. 183–203.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Korzen, Iørn 2005. “Endocentric and exocentric languages in translation”. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 13:1. 21–37. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lambert, José, and Hendrik van Gorp. 1985. “On describing translation”. Theo Hermans, ed. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. London: Croom Helm, 1985. 42–53.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Li, Shi-Wang <黎土旺>. 2007. “<文化取向与翻译策略:《浮生六记》两个英译本之比较>”. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 7:220. 53–55.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Li, Yunxing. 1998. “Formal shifts in English-Chinese translation”. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 6:1. 71–77. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lin, Yutang. 1940/1991. “<論翻譯> (On translation)”. Zhenhua Yang, ed. <翻譯論集> (Selected Essays on Translation) Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore, 1940/1991. 6–32.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Malmkjaer, Kirsten. 1998. “Love thy neighbour: Will parallel corpora endear linguists to translators?” Meta 43:4. 534–541. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McMorran, Ian. 2000. “Chinese literary translation into English”. Olive Classe, ed. Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. Vol. 1. London/Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000. 278–281.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Olohan, Maeve. 2004. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies. London: Routledge. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Puurtinen, Tiina. 2003. “Explicitating and implicitating source text ideology”. Across Languages and Cultures 4:1. 53–62. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rose, Kenneth R. 2000. “An exploratory cross-sectional study of interlanguage pragmatic development”. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22:1. 27–67. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Scollon, Ron, and Suzanne Wong Scollon. 1995. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Scollon, Ron, and Wong Suzanne Scollon. 1991. “Topic confusion in English-Asian discourse”. World Englishes 10:2. 113–125. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Searle, John R. 1975. “Indirect speech acts”. Peter Cole and Jerry Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics: Vol. 31. Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 1975. 59–82. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Searle, John R 1969. Speech acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sequeiros, Xose Rosales. 2002. “Interlingual pragmatic enrichment in translation”. Journal of Pragmatics 34:8. 1069–1089. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shen, Fu. 1960. The Autobiography of a Chinese Artist: Shen Fu. Translated by Shirley M. Black. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shen, Fu. 1983. Six Records of a Floating Life. Translated by Leonard Pratt and Su-Hui Chiang. London: Penguin Classics.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shen, Fu. 1999. Six Chapters of a Floating Life (浮生六記). Translated by Yutang Lin. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Skewis, Malcolm. 2003. “Mitigated directness in Honglou meng: Directive speech acts and politeness in eighteenth century Chinese”. Journal of Pragmatics 351. 161–189. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Trosborg, Anna. 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London/New York: Routledge. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Venuti, Lawrence. 2004. “Translation, community, utopia”. Lawrence Venuti, ed. The Translation Studies: Reader. 2004. 482–502.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vinay, Jean-Paul, and Jean Darbelnet. 1958/1995. Comparative stylistics of French and English: A methodology for translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, John C. Y. 1976. “Review of The Story of the Stone, vol. 1, The Golden Days by Cao Xueqin, translated by David Hawkes”. The Journal of Asian Studies 35:2. 302–304. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Vincent Xian. 2006. Chinese EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Competence in Requests. PhD dissertation. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Queensland.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Vincent Xian. 2007. “A pragmatic examination of translation of implied meaning”. Translation Watch Quarterly 3:3. 34–45.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wei, Wei-Hua. 2005. A Study of the Two English Versions of Fu Sheng Liu Ji from the Perspective of Skopos Theory. Unpublished MA dissertation, Guangxi Normal U.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yang, Gladys. 1980. “Review of The Story of the Stone. vol. I: The Golden Days by Cao Xueqin, translated by David Hawkes”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 43:3. 621–622. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yu, Ming-Chung. 1999. Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Pragmatics: Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard U.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Song, Qijun & Junfeng Zhang
2023.
Ideological Mediation: Metaphor Shifts in Translating the Communist Party of China’s Centenary Speech.
Critical Arts 37:6
► pp. 1 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Wang, Vincent X.
2020.
Pragmatics and Chinese Translation. In
Key Issues in Translation Studies in China [
New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ],
► pp. 77 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Liang, Linxin & Mingwu Xu
2018.
A Comparative Analysis of the Reception of Four English Versions ofFu Sheng Liu Ji: Translation, Publication and International Circulation.
Translation Review 101:1
► pp. 7 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.