Article published In:
TargetVol. 21:2 (2009) ► pp.209–234
Pragmatic shifts in two translations of Fusheng Liuji
A descriptive study of request behaviour
This study focuses on translation shifts in speech act realisation patterns in two English translations of the Chinese work Fusheng Liuji. It employs analytical tools from cross-cultural pragmatics to describe speech act behaviour in the original and its translations. Lin uses more translation shifts—including significant shifts in strategy use, and moderate shifts in information sequencing—than Pratt … Chiang, who mainly retain the original pragmatic features. Both the translators and the original author make frequent use of request formulae. The two translations also show marked shifts from lexical to syntactic modification of requests. The article further examines the translators’ approaches to translation in terms of their concept of translation and the historical and social contexts of their translations.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Cross-cultural pragmatics and translation studies
- 3.Method
- 3.1Sample: The original and the translated texts
- 3.2Methods of data analysis: the coding scheme
- 4.Results
- 4.1Shifts in strategy use
- 4.2Internal modifications
- 4.3Formulaic expressions
- 4.4External modifications: information sequencing
- 5.Discussion
- 5.1Translation shifts caused by linguistic constraints
- 5.2Translation shifts at the translator’s discretion
- 5.3Methodology: Tools of cross-cultural pragmatics in translation studies
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
-
References
References
Abdel-Hafiz, Ahmed-Sokarno
Achiba, Machiko
2003 Learning to Request in a Second Language: A Study of Child Interlanguage Pragmatics. Clevedon, England/Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters.


Austin, John L.
1962 How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Baker, Mona
1992 In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Taylor & Francis Limited.


Birch, Cyril
1961 “Review of
Chapters From a Floating Life. The Autobiography of a Chinese Artist by
Shen Fu, translated by
Shirley M. Black”.
The Journal of Asian Studies 20:4. 526–527.


Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
1986 “
Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation”.
Juliane House and
Shoshana Blum-Kulka, eds.
Interlingual and Intercultural Communication. Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies. Tübingen: Narr. 1986 17–35.

Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
1989 “
Playing it safe: The role of conventionality in directness”.
Shoshana Blum-Kulka,
Juliane House and
Gabriele Kasper, eds.
Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp 1989 37–70.

Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, and Juliane House
1989 “
Investigating cross-cultural pragmatics: an introductory overview”.
Shoshana Blum-Kulka,
Juliane House and
Gabriele Kasper, eds.
Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp. 1989 1–34.

Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper
1989 Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp.

Boase-Beier, Jean
2004 “
Knowing and not knowing: Style, intention and the translation of a holocaust poem”.
Language and Literature 13:1. 25–35.


Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C Levinson
1987 Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.


Catford, John C.
1965 A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chan, Wing-Tsit
1947 “
Ling Yutang, critic and interpreter”.
College English 8:4. 163–169.


Cohen, Andrew D.
1996 “
Developing the ability to perform speech acts”.
Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18:2. 253–267.


Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena, and Lubomír Doležel
1972 “
An Early Chinese Confessional Prose: Shen Fu’s Six Chapters of a Floating Life”.
T’oung Pao, 2nd Series 58:1/5. 137–160.


Dong, Hui <董晖
>
2002 “<
老到圓熟出神入化: 林語堂《浮生六记》英譯本賞析>”.
Journal of Xi’an Internat ional Studies University 10:3. 11–15.

Farghal, Mohammed, and Ahmed Borini
1997 “
Pragmareligious failure in translating Arabic politeness formulas into English: Evidence from Mahfouz’s Awlad Haritna”.
Multilingua 16:1. 77–99.


Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr.
1986 “
What makes some indirect speech acts conventional?”
Journal of Memory and Language 25:2. 181–196.


Gutt, Ernst-August
1991 Translation and relevance: Cognition and context. Oxford: Basil Black-well.

Hatim, Basil, and Jeremy Munday
2004 Translation: An advanced resource book. London: Routledge.


Hegel, Robert E.
1986 “Review of
The Story of the Stone, vol. 4 The Debt of Tears, vol. 5, The Dreamer Wakes by
Cao Xueqin &
E Gao, translated by
John Minford”.
Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) 8:1/2. 129.

Hermans, Theo
1999 Translation in Systems: Descriptive and Systemic Approaches Explained. Manchester, England: Saint Jerome.

Hickey, Leo
ed. 1998 The Pragmatics of Translation. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

Howell, E. B.
1936 “
Review of T’ien Hsia”. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931–1939)
15:3. 478.


Huang, Eva, and David Pollard
1998 “
Chinese translation”.
Mona Baker and
Kirsten Malmkjaer, eds.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge 1998 365–376.

Huang, Martin W.
1995 Literati and Self-Re/Presentation: Autobiographical Sensibility in the Eighteenth-Century Chinese Novel. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Jakobson, Roman
1959/2000 “
On translation”.
Lawrence Venuti, ed.
The Translation Studies: Reader. London: Routledge 1959/2000 113–118.

Kasper, Gabriele
ed. 1995 Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language. Honolulu: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.

Kasper, Gabriele, and Kenneth R. Rose
1999 „
Pragmatics and SLA“.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 191. 81–104.


Kirkpatrick, Andy
1991 “
Information sequencing in Mandarin letters of request”.
Anthropological Linguistics 33:2. 183–203.

Korzen, Iørn
2005 “
Endocentric and exocentric languages in translation”.
Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 13:1. 21–37.


Lambert, José, and Hendrik van Gorp
1985 “
On describing translation”.
Theo Hermans, ed.
The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. London: Croom Helm 1985 42–53.

Leuven-Zwart, Kitty M van
Li, Shi-Wang <黎土旺
>
2007 “
<文化取向与翻译策略:《浮生六记》两个英译本之比较>”.
Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 7:220. 53–55.

Li, Yunxing
1998 “
Formal shifts in English-Chinese translation”.
Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 6:1. 71–77.


Lin, Yutang
1940/1991 “
<論翻譯> (On translation)”.
Zhenhua Yang, ed. <翻譯論集> (
Selected Essays on Translation) Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore 1940/1991 6–32.

Malmkjaer, Kirsten
1998 “
Love thy neighbour: Will parallel corpora endear linguists to translators?”
Meta 43:4. 534–541.


Mason, Ian, and Adriana Serban
McMorran, Ian
2000 “
Chinese literary translation into English”.
Olive Classe, ed.
Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. Vol. 1. London/Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 2000 278–281.

Olohan, Maeve
2004 Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies. London: Routledge.


Puurtinen, Tiina
2003 “
Explicitating and implicitating source text ideology”.
Across Languages and Cultures 4:1. 53–62.


Rose, Kenneth R.
2000 “
An exploratory cross-sectional study of interlanguage pragmatic development”.
Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22:1. 27–67.


Scollon, Ron, and Suzanne Wong Scollon
1995 Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Scollon, Ron, and Wong Suzanne Scollon
1991 “
Topic confusion in English-Asian discourse”.
World Englishes 10:2. 113–125.


Searle, John R.
1975 “
Indirect speech acts”.
Peter Cole and
Jerry Morgan, eds.
Syntax and Semantics: Vol. 31.
Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press 1975 59–82.


Searle, John R
1969 Speech acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University Press.


Sequeiros, Xose Rosales
2002 “
Interlingual pragmatic enrichment in translation”.
Journal of Pragmatics 34:8. 1069–1089.


Shen, Fu.
1960 The Autobiography of a Chinese Artist: Shen Fu. Translated by
Shirley M. Black. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shen, Fu.
1983 Six Records of a Floating Life. Translated by
Leonard Pratt and
Su-Hui Chiang. London: Penguin Classics.

Shen, Fu.
1999 Six Chapters of a Floating Life (浮生六記). Translated by
Yutang Lin. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Skewis, Malcolm
2003 “
Mitigated directness in Honglou meng: Directive speech acts and politeness in eighteenth century Chinese”.
Journal of Pragmatics 351. 161–189.


Trosborg, Anna
1995 Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.


Venuti, Lawrence
1995 The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London/New York: Routledge.


Venuti, Lawrence
2004 “
Translation, community, utopia”.
Lawrence Venuti, ed.
The Translation Studies: Reader 2004 482–502.

Vinay, Jean-Paul, and Jean Darbelnet
1958/1995 Comparative stylistics of French and English: A methodology for translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Wang, John C. Y.
1976 “Review of
The Story of the Stone, vol. 1, The Golden Days by
Cao Xueqin, translated by
David Hawkes”.
The Journal of Asian Studies 35:2. 302–304.


Wang, Vincent Xian
2006 Chinese EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Competence in Requests. PhD dissertation. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Queensland.

Wang, Vincent Xian
2007 “
A pragmatic examination of translation of implied meaning”.
Translation Watch Quarterly 3:3. 34–45.

Wei, Wei-Hua
2005 A Study of the Two English Versions of Fu Sheng Liu Ji from the Perspective of Skopos Theory. Unpublished MA dissertation, Guangxi Normal U.

Yang, Gladys
1980 “Review of
The Story of the Stone. vol. I: The Golden Days by
Cao Xueqin, translated by
David Hawkes”.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 43:3. 621–622.


Yu, Ming-Chung
1999 Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Pragmatics: Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard U.

Cited by
Cited by 2 other publications
Liang, Linxin & Mingwu Xu
2018.
A Comparative Analysis of the Reception of Four English Versions ofFu Sheng Liu Ji: Translation, Publication and International Circulation.
Translation Review 101:1
► pp. 7 ff.

Wang, Vincent X.
2020.
Pragmatics and Chinese Translation. In
Key Issues in Translation Studies in China [
New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ],
► pp. 77 ff.

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.