Christiane Nord | Institut für Übersetzen und Dolmetschen der Universität Heidelberg
Within the framework of the functionalist or "scopos" theory, the (intended) scope or function of the target text is the most important criterion for the translator's decisions. However, this is a general theory of translation, which is not concerned with the culture-specific conventions valid in a particular culture. Since conventions determine what readers expect of a translation, the translator has the responsibility not to deceive the users of his translation by acting contrary to the conventions without telling them what he is doing, and why. This responsibility is what I will refer to as loyalty. Loyalty is a moral principle guiding the relationships between human beings.
Article outline
0.Introduction
1.Scopos Theory: Functionality Is the Aim
2.Loyalty: The Responsibility of the Translator
3.Translational Conventions: What Does the Reader Expect?
3.1.General Considerations: The Concept of Convention
3.2.Conventions in Translation: Translation as a Communication Activity
3.3.Conventions for Translation: What a Translation is Expected To Be Like
3.4.The General Concept of Translation: How To Find Out About Conventions
(a) Analysis of existing translations
(b) Translation criticism
(c) Theoretical statements
(d) Input from users
(e) Multilingual comparison of translations
4.Conventions and Functionalism in Translation Teaching
Aub, Max. 1972. “El puerto”/“Der Hafen”. Tránsito. Tres obras en un acto/Drei Einakter, ed. and trans. Erna Brandenberger. München: dtv, 1972. 63–107.
Barrass, Tine. 1978. “The Function of Translated Literature within a National Literature: The Example of Sixteenth Century Spain”. James S Holmes, José Lambert and Raymond van den Broeck, eds. Literature and Translation: New Perspectives in Literary Studies. Leuven: acco, 1978. 181–203.
Berglund, Lars O.1987. “The Ethics of Ineffective Translation”. Lebende Sprachen 11. 7–11.
Brislin, Richard W.1976. “Introduction”. Richard W. Brislin, ed. Translation: Applications and Research. New York: Gardner Press, 1976. 1–43.
Broeck, Raymond van den. 1980. “Toward a Text-Type-Oriented Theory of Translation”.
Poulsen and Wilss 1980
: 82–96.
Carroll, Lewis. 1946. Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
Carroll, Lewis. 1973a. Alice im Wunderland, trans. Christian Enzensberger. Frankfurt/M: Insel Verlag.
Carroll, Lewis. 1973b. Alice im Wunderland, trans. Liselotte Remané. München: dtv.
Carroll, Lewis. 1989. Alice im Wunderland, trans. Barbara Teutsch. Hamburg: Cecilie Dressler.
Dictionary of Contemporary English (DCE). 1978. ed. P. Procteret al.. London: Langenscheidt-Longman.
Enzensberger, Christian. 1973. Nachwort zur Übersetzung von Alice im Wunderland
.
Carroll 1973a
: 129–138.
Frank, Armin Paul and Brigitte Schultze. 1988. “Normen in historisch-deskriptiven Übersetzungsstudien”. Harald Kittel, ed. Die literarische Übersetzung: Stand und Perspektiven ihrer Erforschung. Berlin: Schmidt, 1988: 96–121.
House, Juliane. 1981. A Model for Translation Quality Assessment. Tübingen: Narr.
Kupsch-Losereit, Sigrid. 1986. “Scheint eine schöne Sonne? oder: Was ist ein Übersetzungsfehler?” Lebende Sprachen 11. 12–16.
Lewis, David K.1969. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Nord, Christiane. 1987. “Übersetzungsprobleme—Übersetzungsschwierigkeiten. Was in den Köpfen von Übersetzern vorgehen sollte...”. Mitteilungsblatt für Dolmetscher und Übersetzer 21. 5–7.
Nord, Christiane. 1988. Textanalyse und Übersetzen: Theoretische Grundlagen, Methode und didaktische Anwendung einer übersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse. Heidelberg: Groos.
Nord, Christiane. 1989. “Loyalität statt Treue. Vorschläge für eine funktionale Übersetzungstypologie”. Lebende Sprachen 31. 100–105.
Nord, Christiane. Forthcoming a. “The Relationship between Text Function Meaning in Translation”. Marcel Thelen and Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, eds. Translation and Meaning, Part II: Proceedings of the Łódz Colloquium, September 1990. Maastricht: Euroterm.
Nord, Christiane. Forthcoming b. “The Role Scope of Conventions in Translation”. Proceedings of the XIIth World Congress of FIT, Belgrade 1990.
Nord, Christiane. Forthcoming c. Text Analysis in Translation (English version of
Nord 1988
). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Poulsen, Sven-Olaf and Wolfram Wilss, eds. Angewandte Übersetzungswissenschaft: Internationales übersetzungswissenschaftliches Kolloquium an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Århus/Dänemark, 19.-21. Juni 1980. Århus.
Reiß, Katharina and Hans J. Vermeer. 1984. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Searle, John. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University Press.
Strawson, Peter Frederick. 1969. “Intention and Convention in Speech Acts”. Philosophical Review 731. 439–460.
Toury, Gideon. 1980. “The Nature and Role of Norms in Literary Translation”. Gideon Toury. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv. 1980. 51–62. (11978)
Toury, Gideon. 1980. “The Translator as a Nonconformist-to-be, or: How to Train Translators So As to Violate Translational Norms”.
Poulsen and Wilss 1980
: 180–194.
Vermeer, Hans J.1983. “Ein Rahmen für eine allgemeine Translationstheorie”. Aufsätze zur Translationstheorie. Heidelberg. 1983. 48–61. (11978)
Cited by (74)
Cited by 74 other publications
Capus, Nadja & David Gilbert
2024. Intercept evidence from foreign language communications: Reliability and minimum standards in the interests of justice. The International Journal of Evidence & Proof 28:4 ► pp. 280 ff.
Hohl Zuercher, Franziska & Nadja Capus
2024. REDEFINING INTERPRETERS’ AND TRANSLATORS’ ROLES. REI - REVISTA ESTUDOS INSTITUCIONAIS 10:2 ► pp. 689 ff.
Karwacka, Wioleta
2024. Healthcare Translation for Patients. In The Handbook of Language in Public Health and Healthcare, ► pp. 137 ff.
Malmkjær, Kirsten
2024. Translation Norms. In Reference Module in Social Sciences,
Taibi, Mustapha & Uldis Ozolins
2024. Translation of personal official documents: Examining Australian norms and
practice. Meta 68:2 ► pp. 341 ff.
Butkuvienė, Karolina & Lolita Petrulionė
2023. Diachronic Research into Translation Norms: The Case of Literary Discourse. Vertimo studijos 16 ► pp. 29 ff.
DENİSSOVA, Nilüfer
2023. Rus ve Batı Ekolünde “Çeviri Normları” Kavramı: V. Komissarov versus G. Toury, A. Chesterman, C. Nord. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi :Çeviribilim Özel Sayısı ► pp. 42 ff.
Griebel, Cornelia & Franziska Hohl Zürcher
2023. The work of intercept interpreters in lawful communication surveillance: A daily trade-off between formal requirements and informal needs. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 74 ► pp. 100609 ff.
Mei, Huan & Huifang Liu
2023. Translation competence: Theory, research and practice. The Social Science Journal► pp. 1 ff.
Muftah, Muneera
2023. Translating Routine Phrases from Arabic into English: Between Functional Translation and Cultural Specificity. Comparative Literature: East & West 7:2 ► pp. 151 ff.
Nathum Younis Salih
2023. The Application of Skopos Theoretic Approach to Translating Arabic Tourist Texts into English. مجلة آداب الفراهيدي 15:52 ► pp. 469 ff.
Zuo, Guangming & Min Yu
2023. A Study on Blended Teaching Practice of Translation Courses Based on Curriculum Ideology and Politics. Contemporary Education and Teaching Research 4:10 ► pp. 495 ff.
Long, Liuling & Yu Li
2022. On the Translation of Film and TV Drama from Bassnett's Cultural Translation Theory. International Journal of Education and Humanities 4:3 ► pp. 131 ff.
Valdenebro Sánchez, Jorge
2022. L’aspect culturel de la traduction juridique dans les théories traductologiques. De l’approche linguistique à la juritraductologie. TRANS: Revista de Traductología 26:1 ► pp. 233 ff.
Vîlceanu, Titela & Anca Păunescu
2022. Transferring knowledge to/from the market – still building the polysystem? The translation of Australian fiction in Romania. Open Linguistics 8:1 ► pp. 341 ff.
Zhang, Xinlei & Shaohua Wei
2022. The Subtitle Translation of War Movies from the Perspective of Function Plus Loyalty. Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences 2:5 ► pp. 42 ff.
Tyulenev, Sergey
2021. Translation and (counter-)intelligence: the interpenetration of social-systemic boundary phenomena. Perspectives 29:3 ► pp. 339 ff.
Jaroszuk, Barbara
2020. La traducción literaria como herramienta para el diálogo intercultural. El caso de dos culturas marginales. In La traducción literaria en el contexto de las lenguas ibéricas,
Monzó-Nebot, Esther
2020. Translating genres, creating transgenres: Textual 'betweens' as situation-based systemic innovations. Estudios de Traducción 10 ► pp. 51 ff.
Piekkari, Rebecca, Susanne Tietze & Kaisa Koskinen
2020. Metaphorical and Interlingual Translation in Moving Organizational Practices Across Languages. Organization Studies 41:9 ► pp. 1311 ff.
Scarpa, Federica
2020. Translating Specialised Texts. In Research and Professional Practice in Specialised Translation, ► pp. 187 ff.
Scarpa, Federica
2020. Theoretical Issues in Specialised Translation. In Research and Professional Practice in Specialised Translation, ► pp. 111 ff.
Sommerfeld, Beate
2020. Remixed Fairy Tales, Distorted Legends: Agnieszka Taborska’s Surrealistic Picturebook Szalony Zegar (The Crazy Clock) and Its German Translation by Klaus Staemmler. In Negotiating Translation and Transcreation of Children's Literature [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 57 ff.
Xu, Mingwu & Chuanmao Tian
2020. A case study of translation norm dynamics: a Chinese perspective. Perspectives 28:5 ► pp. 659 ff.
2018. A Case for Foreignised News Translation. In Translation Strategies in Global News, ► pp. 33 ff.
Paolucci, Sandro
2017. Foreignising and domesticating strategies in translating legal texts. International Journal of Legal Discourse 2:2 ► pp. 243 ff.
Čerče, Danica
2017. Between translation and transformation: recreating Steinbeck’s language inOf Mice and Men. The Translator 23:1 ► pp. 67 ff.
Hu, Kaibao
2016. Corpus-Based Study of Translational Norms. In Introducing Corpus-based Translation Studies [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 137 ff.
2019. Military History and Translation Studies: Shifting Territories, Uneasy Borders. In The Palgrave Handbook of Languages and Conflict, ► pp. 113 ff.
Molchan, Maria
2016. Metodología para el análisis traductológico de grandes corpus de textos literarios. Mutatis Mutandis. Revista Latinoamericana de Traducción 9:2 ► pp. 267 ff.
Ožbot, Martina
2016. Foreignization and Domestication: A View from the Periphery. In Rereading Schleiermacher: Translation, Cognition and Culture [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 277 ff.
Chifane, Cristina
2015. From Prototype and Skopos Theories to Corpus-Based and Audiovisual Approaches in Children’s Literature Translation. Open Journal of Social Sciences 03:08 ► pp. 100 ff.
2015. Defining and Developing Translation Competence for Didactic Purposes. In Handbook of Research on Teaching Methods in Language Translation and Interpretation [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ], ► pp. 179 ff.
Quinci, Carla
2016. (Un)Folding the Meaning: Translation Competence and Translation Strategies Compared. In Rereading Schleiermacher: Translation, Cognition and Culture [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 89 ff.
Tawfiq, Nazar M. & Che An Binti Abdul Ghani
2015. Using Functional Approach in Translating Arab Spring Topics: Aljazeera and BBC Arabic as Study Cases. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 5:11 ► pp. 2287 ff.
Martinez-Sierra, Juan Jose
2014. Idiosyncrases to Norms: An Intermediate Path. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 19:1 ► pp. 49 ff.
Prieto Ramos, Fernando
2014. Legal Translation Studies as Interdiscipline: Scope and Evolution. Meta 59:2 ► pp. 260 ff.
Wehrmeyer, Jennifer
2014. Introducing Grounded Theory into translation studies. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 32:3 ► pp. 373 ff.
Karimnia, Amin
2013. Undergraduate Translation Training: In Search of a Model. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 ► pp. 915 ff.
Fernández Costales, Alberto
2012. Collaborative Translation Revisited. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 10:1 ► pp. 115 ff.
Hermans, Theo
2012. Norms of Translation. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Grammenidis, Simos P.
2011. Le concept de loyauté en traduction. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 9:2 ► pp. 119 ff.
Geun Heui Lee
2009. Translation Criticism Based on the Skopos Theory: Case Study of Hoodwinked. The Journal of Translation Studies 10:2 ► pp. 61 ff.
Grammenidis, Simos
2008. Mediating culinary culture: The case of Greek restaurant menus. Across Languages and Cultures 9:2 ► pp. 219 ff.
Grammenidis, Simos
2012. Le transfert des emprunts du français au grec. Palimpsestes :25 ► pp. 127 ff.
Martín de León, Celia
2008. Skopos and beyond. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 20:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Seo, Yukyung
2008. When a Translator Flouts Grice’s Maxims. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 6:1 ► pp. 157 ff.
Zarandona, Juan Miguel
2008. Two Different Translations of Tennyson’s The Idylls of the King into Spanish: The Road From a Text-Oriented Model to a Functional Model of Translation. Meta 53:3 ► pp. 490 ff.
Snell-Hornby, Mary
2007. “What’s in a name?”. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 19:2 ► pp. 313 ff.
Lee, Changsoo
2005. Translating Interactivity in Tourist Brochures. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 3:2 ► pp. 147 ff.
Pokorn, Nike K.
2005. TRANSLATION AND MYSTICAL TEXTS. Perspectives 13:2 ► pp. 99 ff.
Lesch, Harold M.
2004. Societal factors and translation practice. Perspectives 12:4 ► pp. 256 ff.
2002. What about a section on translationin that literary history volume? On literary competence and translation, literary history and descriptive translation studies. Current Writing 14:2 ► pp. 174 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 7 november 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.